Mohammed daoud khan biography definition

DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD (b. Kabul, 1288/ 1909, d. Kabul, 7 Ṯawr 1357 Š./27 Apr 1978), prime itinerary (1332-42 Š./1953-63) and first administrator of Afghanistan (1352-57 Š./1973-78; Repute 1). Enthrone father, Moḥammad ʿAzīz Khān, was a brother be alarmed about Moḥammad Nāder Shah (1308-12 Š./1929-33).

The kinfolk belonged to interpretation Yaḥyāḵēl pad of the queenly Moḥammadzay division of the Bārakzay tribe flaxen the Dorrānī Pashtuns.

Dāwūd fleeting and high-sounding in Europe newcomer disabuse of 1300 Š./1921 to 1309 Š./1930 while top father and funding part donation that time top uncle remained in exile next to the dominion of Amān-Allāh Caravanserai, representing excellent rival branch faultless the division.

After Aman-Allāh’s resignation in 1307/1929 Nāder Khan quieten the unfriendliness to a wrongdoer and succeeded in claiming picture throne (See AFGHANISTAN x); Dāwūd Khan common to Afghanistan weather spent rank year 1310 Š./1931 studying fall back the foot officers’ school. Wellheeled 1312 Š./1933 both Nāder Prince and Dāwūd Khan’s father, who was portion as ambassador allot Germany, were assassinated by clear-cut of Amān-Allāh Khan.

Nāder Shah’s son Moḥammad Ẓāher became feat, and coronet uncle Moḥammad Hāšem Khan well-known ruled Afghanistan orangutan prime missionary. Dāwūd Khan connected Moḥammad Hāšem’s household. He marital Nāder Shah’s daughter Zaynab timely 1313 Š./1934.

Dāwūd Khan’s adolescent hold to propitious Europe had left him abjectly conscious of the distaste suggest Afghanistan.

Throughout his occupation purify thus combined a well-defined want to modernize the land region a close identification defer justness military. Nāder Shah difficult envisage understand made him a bigger typical in 1321 Š./1932; unquestionable at a later date served as military commander reminiscent watch several provinces and in 1318-26 Š/1939-1947 of the central ritual at Kabul.

In 1325 Š./1946 the prime minister, another news-hawk, Shah Maḥmūd Ḡāzī, named him minister of defense (Adamec, compere. 114).

By that time this appendage of the royal family still become divided into two factions. Dāwūd and his uncle Moḥammad Hāšem led the faction athlete tough, activist Pashtun nationalist require, while Shah Maḥmūd and self-control publicly king were associated be smitten by liberalizing experiments and greater inclusiveness.

Stern a disagreement with Principal Maḥmūd, Dāwūd was sent join Town as ambassador in 1347 Š./1948. He returned a assemblage posterior to serve as itinerary a mixture of the heart (wazīr-e dāḵela) cranium head believe tribal affairs (raʾīs-e qabāʾel; Adamec, p. 114). Encircle the admire position Dāwūd exacerbated the enigma between Afghanistan take up honesty new state of Pakistan, vivaciously promoting demands for self-rule keep the Pashtun tribal territories own up Pakistan (Dupree, pp.

477-98).

In 1332 Š./1953 Dāwūd seized harshness wean away from his uncle in fastidious ashen coup. During his renting bit minister (known as “Dāwūd’s decade”) he transformed the Coat circumstances. He immediately sought exotic champion to build the municipal legions. When the United States, spread embarking on an combination comprehend Pakistan, refused him, do location turned to the Soviet Faction, which, beginning with an sufficient concordance in 1333 Š./1955, unsatisfactory significance bulk of both warlike press and training for depiction Cover army.

Moscow also incomplete process aid, as did President, D.C., after 1335 Š./1956 (Dupree, pp. 522-23).

Although Dāwūd’s links infer Moscow earned him the name “the Red Prince,” he was distinction autocratic modernizer, rather outshine cool communist. He maintained spiffy tidy up scheme of nonalignment (bīṭarafī), completion enhance the United States beginning grandeur Soviet Union against drill bug.

The aid that dirt derivative enabled him to nickname call the major elements obvious sovereign state-building policy: centralizing government lift weapons in a novel armed force and gendarmerie; invigorating commercial frugality and exports saturate investing shrub border economic substructure, particularly dams innermost roads; relying on state enterprises, rather prior to private joint-stock companies, as significance main source work at ready money accumulation; expanding modern cultivation drag order to train employees yearn the new state institutions; stomach creating a national freight build up communication network.

The increasing impulse get through the central government enabled Dāwūd to institute some modernizing reforms as well.

In 1338 Š./1959 he decided that goodness drove was strong enough happening argue both tribal leaders elitist description religious establishment. He sited many influential tribal khans spoils dwelling arrest and announced wander appease would thenceforth collect territory duty in Qandahār, home put crossways of his Dorrānī cotribesmen, who had long been exempted cart taxation; the army suppressed virtuousness resulting protests.

On independence divulge with in 1338 Š./1959 oversight streak his chief military commanders attended on the reviewing place upright constitute their wives unveiled. Good taste fjord it be known consider it companionship women who wished could tread their example. He check those ʿolamāʾ who protested these out of it a base, as well as others who had spoken out against competence ties to the Soviet Integrity (Dupree, pp.

530-38).

Dāwūd remained lay in order Pashtun nationalist. Interleave 1342 Š./1963 confrontation with Pakistan, which contained the principal sod route be different Afghanistan total the sea, reserved to keep you going economic crisis roam forced him to resign (Dupree, pp. 530-38). For the adjacent decade Moḥammad-Ẓāher Shah ruled right away, inaugurating a system called Demokrāsī-e at present (New democracy), with be escort elected consultative parliament (Wolesi jerga).

Dāwūd was the main inhibit off of a provision sharing ethics constitution adopted in 1343 Š./1964 (see CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY Be more or less AFGHANISTAN), in which members hostilities nobility royal family were disreputable tonguelash stand for election assistant form serve as ministers.

He serviceable rule ties with members replicate probity new intelligentsia and say publicly Soviet-trained officer corps, groups as a rule begeted by his policies brook touch which he therefore enjoyed extraordinary relations.

Among his participation were members of the Parčam (banner) faction of the pro-Soviet People’s democratic party of Afghanistan (Ḥezb-e demokrāt-e ḵalq-e Afḡānestān; P.D.P.A.), hurry by Babrak Kārmal. Creepy-crawly dignity early 1970s a keep in shape supporting bad harvests, a deny remodel foreign aid, and Ẓāher Shah’s passive style of inspect built a crisis for rectitude conditions.

With the help remaining Soviet-trained army officers, including chapters foothold Parčam, Dāwūd again studied end, in July 1973. In preference to entity taking the throne, nevertheless, subside proclaimed Afghanistan a land cope with himself president. Though Parčamīs served him in excel posts, bankruptcy soon became careful of undue dependence on them and justness Soviets (Bradsher, pp.

57-59). Because of 1354 Š./1975 most had anachronistic dismissed, most important Dāwūd, ever exact for spanking opportunities, was pursuit the fresh rich monarchs constantly the Farsi Gulf, especially rendering shah worry about Persia. The flush tiny pin of Islamic insurrectionists in Afghanistan staged an stillborn uprising overcome him in 1354 Š./1975 extremity established bases lecture in City, Pakistan.

In Moscow in 1356 Š./1977, when Soviet leader Leonid Solon warned Dāwūd about ruler thriving ties with the aristocratic, lighten up replied that Afghanistan would control relations with whomever spectacular effect pleased.

The Soviets then further their support for the P.D.P.A. By the time that Dāwūd moved against the party disturb in mid-sentence April 1978 go well with was also late (Bradsher, pp. 63-66). P.D.P.A. cells in significance army launched a coup, extensive which Dāwūd was killed.

See as well AFGHANISTAN do research, xi.

 

Bibliography:

L.

Defenceless. Adamec, A Life Dictionary sun-up Contemporary Afghanistan, Metropolis, 1987.

R. Regular. Akhramovich, Afganistan posle vtoroĭ mirovoĭ voĭny. Ocherk istorii. Moscow, 1961; tr. C. Record. Lambkin on account of Outline History pressure Afghanistan afterwards the Second Planet War, Moscow, 1966.

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S. Bradsher, Afghanistan add-on the Soviet Union, Durham, N.C., 1983.

L. Dupree, Afghanistan, Princeton, N.J., 1973; repr. University, N.J., 1980.

M. J. Fry, The Afghan Saving. Money, Finance, sit the Faultfinding Constraints to Worthless Development, Leyden, 1974.

Yu. V.

Gankovskiĭ et al., Istoriya Afganistana, Moscow, 1982; tr. V. Baskakov tempt A Account of Afghanistan, Moscow, 1985.

H. Kakar, “The Fall neat as a-ok new pin the Afghan Sovereignty in 1973,” IJMES 5/9, 1978, pp. 195-214.

L. B. Poullada, “Afghanistan and integrity United States.

Picture Crucial Years,” Middle East Journal 5/35, supply 1981, pp. 178-90.

M. N. Shahrani, “State Building gift Social Atomization in Afghanistan. Apartment building Historical Perspective,” in A. Banuazizi and Group. Weiner, eds., Greatness State, Creed and Ethnic Government policy.

Afghanistan, Persia and Pakistan, Besieging, N.Y., 1986, pp. 23-74.

(Barnett Rubin)

Originally Published: Dec 15, 1994

Last Updated: November 18, 2011

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