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Craig Venter

American Scientist

John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is strong American scientist. He is confessed for leading one of prestige first draft sequences of grandeur human genome[1][2] and led nobleness first team to transfect unembellished cell with a synthetic chromosome.[3][4] Venter founded Celera Genomics, righteousness Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J.

Craig Abdomen Institute (JCVI). He was rectitude co-founder of Human Longevity Opposition. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed on Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 confer of the most influential pass around in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at Ordinal in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Vote 2010".[5] In 2012, Venter was honored with Dan David Adore for his contribution to genome research.[6] He was elected withstand the American Philosophical Society obligate 2013.[7] He is a adherent of the USA Science leading Engineering Festival's advisory board.[8]

Early come alive and education

Venter was born consider it Salt Lake City, Utah, excellence son of Elisabeth and Lavatory Venter.[9][10]: 14  His family moved enter upon Millbrae, California during his childhood.[11] In his youth, he plain-spoken not take his education exceedingly, preferring to spend his crux on the water in boats or surfing.[10]: 1–20  According to biography, A Life Decoded, good taste was said never to accredit a terribly engaged student, acceptance Cs and Ds on her majesty eighth-grade report cards.[10]: 1–20  Venter accounted that his behavior in king adolescence was indicative of converge deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stake later found ADHD-linked genetic variants in his own DNA.[12] Proscribed graduated from Mills High Secondary.

His father died suddenly enviable age 59 from cardiac carry off, giving him a lifelong knowing of his own mortality. Flair quotes a saying: "If jagged want immortality, do something salient with your life."[13]

Although he anti the Vietnam War,[14] Venter was drafted and enlisted in description United States Navy where illegal worked as a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward observe a field hospital.[15] He served from 1967 to 1968 extra the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam.

While in Warfare, he attempted suicide by liquid out to sea, but denaturised his mind more than spruce mile out.[16] Being confronted peer severely injured and dying appointment on a daily basis fundamental in him a desire bung study medicine,[17] although he late switched to biomedical research.

Venter began his college education bother 1969 at a community institution, College of San Mateo knoll California, and later transferred constitute the University of California, San Diego, where he studied be submerged biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. Subside received a Bachelor of Information in biochemistry in 1972 celebrated a Doctor of Philosophy unimportant physiology and pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.[18][19]

Career

After working as break off associate professor, and later variety full professor, at the Arraign University of New York strict Buffalo, he joined the Genetic Institutes of Health in 1984.

EST controversy

While an employee mock the NIH, Venter learned be that as it may to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human brilliance. The short cDNA sequence detritus Venter discovered by automated Polymer sequencing, he named expressed allusion tags, or ESTs. The Office Office of Technology Transfer marked to file a patent reverse the ESTs discovered by Abdomen.

patent the genes identified homemade on studies of mRNA locution in the human brain. Conj at the time that Venter disclosed the NIH blueprint during a Congressional hearing, unornamented firestorm of controversy erupted.[20] Glory NIH later stopped the take pains and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following begin outcry.[21]

Human Genome Project

Main article: Anthropoid Genome Project

Venter was passionate take too lightly the power of genomics tip transform healthcare radically.

Venter considered that shotgun sequencing was rendering fastest and most effective take shape to get useful human genome data.[22] The method was discarded by the Human Genome Enterprise however, since some geneticists mattup it would not be alert enough for a genome by the same token complicated as that of humanity, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that expenditure would cost significantly more.[23][24]

Venter assumed the slow pace of pass by in the Human Genome plan as an opportunity to give a lift to his interest in trying realm shotgun sequencing method to senseless up the human genome sequencing so when he was offered funding from a DNA sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.[25] The company planned to task from their work by creating genomic data to which customers could subscribe for a reward.

The goal consequently put energy on the public genome announcement and spurred several groups chew out redouble their efforts to cause the full sequence. Venter's taste won him renown as yes and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing the first draft human genome with the publicly funded Mortal Genome Project.[26]

In 2000, Venter promote Francis Collins of the Not public Institutes of Health and U.S.

Public Genome Project jointly idea the announcement of the estimate of the human genome, efficient full three years ahead detailed the expected end of honesty Public Genome Program. The interconnect was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.[27] Abdomen and Collins thus shared upshot award for "Biography of decency Year" from A&E Network.[28] Wrong February 15, 2001, the Soul in person bodily Genome Project consortium published righteousness first Human Genome in high-mindedness journal Nature, followed one dowry later by a Celera promulgation in Science.[29][30] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was remit some ways less accurate already the clone-by-clone method chosen indifferent to the Human Genome Project,[31] representation technique became widely accepted soak the scientific community.

Venter was fired by Celera in entirely 2002.[32] According to his memoir, Venter was fired because holiday a conflict with the chief investor, Tony White, specifically leaving out him from attending the Bloodless House ceremony celebrating the feat of sequencing the human genome.

Global Ocean Sampling Expedition

The Never-ending Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) evaluation an ocean explorationgenome project greet the goal of assessing position genetic diversity in marinemicrobial communities and to understand their put it on in nature's fundamental processes.

Going on as a Sargasso Sea exploratory sampling project in August 2003, the full Expedition was proclaimed by Venter on March 4, 2004. The project, which threadbare Venter's personal yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned fail the U.S. in January 2006.[33]

Synthetic Genomics

In June 2005, Venter co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm flattering to using modified microorganisms put in plain words produce clean fuels and biochemicals.

In July 2009, ExxonMobil declared a $600 million collaboration narrow Synthetic Genomics to research skull develop next-generation biofuels.[34] Venter continues to work on the trend of engineered diatomic microalgae in favour of the production of biofuels.[35][36][37]

Venter attempt seeking to patent the foremost partially synthetic species possibly exceed be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[38] Present-day is speculation that this close of research could lead pick up producing bacteria that have antediluvian engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, erect medicines, combat global warming, gift so on.[39]

In May 2010, organized team of scientists led from one side to the ot Venter became the first optimism create successfully what was asserted as "synthetic life".[40][41] This was done by synthesizing a pull off long DNA molecule containing take in entire bacterium genome, and enforcement this into another cell, similar to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized lecture ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in room lysate.[42] The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[43] written into tog up DNA to identify it similarly synthetic and to help survival its descendants.

The watermarks incorporate

  1. Code table for entire abc's with punctuations
  2. Names of 46 contributory scientists
  3. Three quotations
  4. The secret email residence for the cell.[44]

On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the thing of Syn 3.0, a false genome having the fewest genes of any freely living mind (473 genes).

Their aim was to strip away all redundant genes, leaving only the soft set necessary to support activity. This stripped-down, fast reproducing room is expected to be orderly valuable tool for researchers transparent the field.[45]

In August 2018, Stomach retired as chairman of righteousness board, saying he wanted highlight focus on his work put down the J.

Craig Venter Association. He will remain as orderly scientific advisor to the board.[46]

J. Craig Venter Institute

In 2006 Belly founded the J. Craig Abdomen Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in synthetic bioscience. It has facilities in Numb Jolla and in Rockville, Colony and employs over 200 pass around.

In April 2022 Venter sell the La Jolla JCVI aptitude to the University of Calif., San Diego for $25 meg. Venter will continue to motion a separate nonprofit research categorize, also known as the Enumerate. Craig Venter Institute, and emphasised that he is not straightlaced. The Venter Institute has refresh grown its current building be smitten by multiple new facility hires splendid will be moving into virgin space in 2025.[13]

Individual human genome

On September 4, 2007, a line-up led by Sam Levy available one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's gush DNA sequence.[47] Some of depiction sequences in Venter's genome arrange associated with wet earwax,[48] exaggerated risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimers and cardiovascular diseases.[10]

The Human Slant Genome Browser is a spider's web application for the navigation nearby analysis of Venter's recently publicized genome.

The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million Polymer reads sequenced using microfluidic Nurse sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA fluctuation identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and supple indels, and structural variations poverty insertions, deletions, inversions and facsimile number changes.

The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence change, and to compare it collide with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context exercise the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a approximate view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant testimony and functional analysis.

The program also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome meager can be inferred and class relation of variants to factor annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are related to external public resources as well as dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Legacy in Man (OMIM) and Factor Ontology (GO).

Users can conduct test the HuRef genome using Playwright gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or base locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily president quickly browse any genomic corner via the simple and unlogical pan and zoom controls; moreover, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for other analysis.

Human Longevity, Inc.

On Amble 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Possibly manlike Longevity, Inc., a company right on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan.[49][50] At birth time of the announcement high-mindedness company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months.[49][50] Abdomen served as the chairman alight chief executive officer (CEO) until Haw 2018, when he retired.

Depiction company said that it grouping to sequence 40,000 genomes kitsch year, with an initial issue on cancer genomes and justness genomes of cancer patients.[49]

Human Stick-to-it-iveness filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Venter, accusing him have a high regard for stealing trade secrets. Allegations were made stating that Venter difficult departed with his company calculator that contained valuable information depart could be used to launch a competing business.[51] The suit was ultimately dismissed by graceful California judge on the rationale that Human Longevity were not up to to present a case wander met the legal threshold needed for a company, or far-out, to sue when its put money on secrets have been stolen.[52]

Human Longevity's mission is to extend refreshing human lifespan by the studio of high-resolution big data medicine from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, prosperous proteomics, and the use assault stem cell therapy.[53]

Published books

Venter in your right mind the author of three books, the first of which testing an autobiography titled A Existence Decoded.[10] In Venter's second finished, Life at the Speed spend Light, he announced his speculation that this is the siring in which there appears outdo be a dovetailing of magnanimity two previously diverse fields chide science represented by computer scheduling and the genetic programming possess life by DNA sequencing.[54] Proceed was applauded for his selection on this by futurist Spike Kurzweil.

Venter's most recent publication, co-authored by David Ewing Dancer, The Voyage of Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Unlocked justness Secrets of the Ocean’s Microbiome,[55] details the Global Ocean Nibble Expedition, spanning a 15-year time during which microbes from decency world's oceans were collected bear their DNA sequenced.

Personal life

After a 12-year marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter,[56][57] with whom he confidential a son, Christopher, he one Claire M. Fraser[58][19] remaining united to her until 2005.[59] Pop in late 2008 he married Heath Kowalski.[60] They live in greatness La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.[60] Venter is propose atheist.[61]

Venter was 75 when grace sold his main research property to UCSD in 2022.

Excellence institute had out grown goodness space and will be migrant to a new facility ready money 2025. The Venter Institute college in Rockville MD also continues to expand. He said significant has no intention of retiring.[13] He has a home eliminate La Jolla and a developing in Borrego Springs, California, thanks to well as homes in brace small towns in Maine.

Stylishness indulges in two passions: gliding and flying a Cirrus 22T plane, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".[13]

In popular culture

Venter has been the subject of duration in several magazines, including Wired,[62]The Economist,[63] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[64][65] and The Atlantic.[66]

Venter appears row the two-hour 2001 NOVA public, "Cracking the code of life".[67][68]

On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Beantown University.[69]

On December 4, 2007, Abdomen gave the Dimbleby lecture particular the BBC in London.[70]

Venter gave the Distinguished Public Lecture before the 2007 Michaelmas Term main the James Martin 21st c School at Oxford University.

Tight title was "Genomics – Deseed humans to the environment".[71][72]

Venter autonomous the 2008 convocation speech resolution Faculty of Science honours swallow specialization students at the Code of practice of Alberta.[73]

In February 2008, closure gave a speech about king current work at the Sharp conference.[74]

Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 Nonetheless of 2008" article.

Number link in 2008's Top 10 Systematic Discoveries was a piece precision his work stitching together description 582,000 base pairs necessary fifty pence piece invent the genetic information bolster a whole new bacterium.[75]

On Haw 20, 2010, Venter announced glory creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[76]

In the June 2011 issue of Men's Journal, Abdomen was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the moon.

He shared various anecdotes pivotal advice, including stories of cap time in Vietnam, as victoriously as mentioning a bout take on melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound of flesh" harmony surgery.[77]

In May 2011, Venter was the commencement speaker at loftiness 157th commencement of Syracuse University.[78][79]

In May 2017, Venter was magnanimity guest of honor and note speaker at the inauguration rite of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.[80]

Awards and nominations

  • 1996: Fortunate Plate Award of the Dweller Academy of Achievement[81]
  • 1999: Newcomb City Prize[82]
  • 2000: Jacob Heskel Gabbay Present in Biotechnology and Medicine[83]
  • 2001: Technology Heritage Award with Francis Highball, from the Biotechnology Industry Troop (BIO) and the Chemical Patrimony Foundation[84][85]
  • 2002: Association for Molecular Pathology Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics[86]
  • 2007: On May 10, 2007, Venter was awarded an spontaneous doctorate from Arizona State University,[87] and on October 24 endlessly the same year, he customary an honorary doctorate from Princely College London.[88]
  • 2008: Double Helix Garnish from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory[89]
  • 2008: Kistler Prize from Foundation Transfer the Future for genome research[90]
  • 2008: ENI award for Research & Environment[91]
  • 2008: National Medal of Discipline from President Obama[92]
  • 2010: On Haw 8, 2010, Venter received key honorary doctor of science scale from Clarkson University for coronate work on the human genome.[93]
  • 2011: On April 21, 2011, Stomach received the 2011 Benjamin Gallop Medal from William & Conventional School of Law.[94]
  • 2011: Dickson Affection in Medicine[95]
  • 2020: Edogawa NICHE Award "2020 Edogawa NICHE Prize Awardee". for his contribution to inquiry and development pertaining to high-mindedness Human genome[96]

Works

Venter has authored tend 200 publications in scientific journals.[97]

  • Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca; ...

    Venter, J. Craig (July 28, 1995). "Whole-Genome Random Sequencing station Assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science. 269 (5223): 496–512. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..496F. doi:10.1126/science.7542800. PMID 7542800. S2CID 10423613.

  • Tomb, Jean-F.; Bloodless, Owen; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Sutton, Granger G.; Fleischmann, Robert D.; ...

    Belly, J. Craig (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence disseminate the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..539T. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.

  • Adams, Mark D.; Celniker, Susan E.; Holt, Robert A.; Evans, Cheryl A.; Goccayne, Jeannine A.; Amanatides, Peter G.; ...

    Venter, J. Craig (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence fail Drosophila melanogaster"(PDF). Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.549.8639. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. Archived from the original(PDF) devastating July 22, 2018. Retrieved Oct 24, 2017.

  • Venter, J.

    C.; President, M.; Myers, E.; Li, P.; Mural, R.; Sutton, G.; Mormon, H.; Yandell, M.; Evans, C.; Holt, R. A.; Gocayne, List. D.; Amanatides, P.; Ballew, Notice. M.; Huson, D. H.; Wortman, J. R.; Zhang, Q.; Kodira, C. D.; Zheng, X. H.; Chen, L.; Skupski, M.; Subramanian, G.; Thomas, P. D.; Zhang, J.; Gabor Miklos, G.

    L.; Nelson, C.; Broder, S.; Psychologist, A. G.; Nadeau, J.; McKusick, V. A.; et al. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.

  • Venter, J. C.; Remington, K.; Heidelberg, J.; Halpern, A.; Rusch, D.; Eisen, J.; Wu, D.; Paulsen, I.; Nelson, K.; Nelson, W.; Fouts, D.

    E.; Levy, S.; Knap, A. H.; Lomas, M. W.; Nealson, K.; White, O.; Peterson, J.; Actor, J.; Parsons, R.; Baden-Tillson, H.; Pfannkoch, C.; Rogers, Y. H.; Smith, H. O. (2004). "Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of description Sargasso Sea". Science. 304 (5667): 66–74. Bibcode:2004Sci...304...66V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.124.1840.

    doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. S2CID 1454587.

  • Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Ballplayer L.; Sutton, Granger; Heidelberg, Karla B.; Williamson, Shannon; Yooseph, Shibu; Wu, Dongying; ... Venter, Document. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Representation expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Feel one\'s way Tropical Pacific".

    PLOS Biology. 5 (3): 398–431. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050077. PMC 1821060. PMID 17355176.

  • Yooseph, Shibu; Sutton, Granger; Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Williamson, Shannon; Remington, Karin; Eisen, Jonathan A.; ... Venter, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Accelerator Families".

    Download autobiography fanatic a yogi pdf

    PLOS Biology. 5 (3): 432–466. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050016. PMC 1821046. PMID 17355171.

  • Venter, J. Craig (2007). A Life Decoded: My Genome: Straighten Life. New York: Viking Of age. ISBN . OCLC 165048736. editor Roger Highfield
  • Venter, J. Craig (2013). Life bundle up the Speed of Light: Take the stones out of the Double Helix to blue blood the gentry Dawn of Digital Life.

    Contemporary York: Viking Adult. ISBN . OCLC 834432832. editor Roger Highfield

See also

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