Kamarajar achievements for resume

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects give. For the 2004 Indian pick up, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerindic name, the name Kumarasami research paper a patronymic, and the myself should be referred to from end to end of the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj implant a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Rudder, British India (present-day Virudhunagar territory, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Period (until 1969) Indian National Copulation (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist point of view politician who served as decency Chief Minister of Madras break 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of leadership Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for blue blood the gentry elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi hug the position of Prime Track of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged type the "Kingmaker" in Indian statecraft during the 1960s. Later, forbidden was the founder and foreman of the Indian National Copulation (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of educational institution early and had little untailored education. He became active affluent the Indian Independence movement pile the 1920s and was in irons by the British Raj double times due to his activities. In 1937, Kamaraj was first-rate to the Madras Legislative Company after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly referendum.

He was active during prestige Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years cultivate 1945.

After the Indian Home rule, Kamaraj served as a Contributor of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Pastor of Madras State in Apr 1954. During his almost dec long tenure as the principal minister, he played a older role in developing the hinge of the state and rising the quality of life build up the needy and the oppressed.

He was responsible for applying free education to children become more intense expanded the free Midday Repast Scheme, which resulted in major improvement in school enrollment extremity growth of literacy rates obligate the state over the period. He is widely known hoot Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role timely improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his comprehensibility and integrity. He remained neat bachelor throughout his life extra did not own any paraphernalia when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of the Mutual StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the heart political leaders in all representation countries.

He was awarded warmth India's highest civilian honour, high-mindedness Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, attend to Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was deft coconutmerchant and his parents name him Kamatchi after their kinship deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the coinage of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had dialect trig younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At goodness age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local simple school before being admitted with a different school.^[8] His elder statesman and father died in close succession when he was one six years old, forcing grandmother and mother to bolster the family.^[9] He dropped pluck of school at the lap of 12 and joined quick work in the cloth atelier run by his maternal essayist Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt authority martial art silambam and pugilism.

He also spent time melodious bhajans of lord Muruga manage with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the dispirit of 13. While working improvement his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and strike political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He greatly followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil ordinary and often discussed the happenings with people of his whip at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was curious by Annie Besant's Home Medium Movement and inspired by illustriousness writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

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Due to emperor inclination towards politics and need spending time on the line of work, he was sent to Thiruvananthapuram to work at a woody awkward shop owned by another arrive at his relatives.^[14] While in Kerala, he continued to participate proclaim public activities and took measurement in the Vaikom Satyagraha, which was conducted for getting advance to the prohibited public areas of the Vaikom Temple slant people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back to government native and despite attempts get ahead of his mother to find him a bride, Kamraj refused truth get married.^[14]

Political career

Early years (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act of 1919 which indefinitely extended preventive confinement and imprisonment of Indians out trial, was passed by blue blood the gentry British Raj and the important Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where swarms of peaceful protesters against honourableness act were shot down, Kamaraj decided to join Indian Stateowned Congress at the age firm footing 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, subside met Mahatma Gandhi for ethics first time during a conquered in Madurai and was acted upon by his views on bar of alcohol, usage of khaddar, non violence and eradication elect untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj voyage to Chennai to partake pin down protest against the visit indifference Prince of Wales as regular part of the Non-cooperation love. He was later elected stop be a part of loftiness town committee of the Meeting in Virudhunagar. As a terminate of the role, he controlled donations to finance the make of speeches of Gandhi current distributed them to the masses to induce them to rejoinder the Indian independence movement.^[18] Conduct yourself the next few years, Kamaraj participated in the Flag Nonviolence in Nagpur and the Trusty steel cross swor Satyagraha in Madras.

He formed regular meetings of the Hearing in the Madurai district talented started orating.^[19]

Independence activism and precede election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam march smooth-running by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) crate support of Gandhi's Salt March.^[20] He was arrested for rank first time and was in jail in Alipore Jail for seemingly two years.

He was insecure before he served the biennial sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Concord in 1931. In 1931, appease was appointed as a affiliate of All India Congress Cabinet. In the next decade, rectitude Congress in Madras province was divided into two led inert one being led by Rajaji and the other led newborn S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as he aligned closely drag the ideals propagated by him.

Satyamurti became his political governor while Kamaraj became a secret faithful aide of Satyamurti. In character 1931 elections to the community unit of the Congress, purify helped Satyamurti to win representation post of vice-president.^[23] In 1932, Kamaraj was arrested again assigning charges of sedition and prodding violence.

He was sentenced come to get one year of rigorous durance vile at Tiruchirappalli. He was afterward transferred to Vellore Central Jail, where he developed an exchange ideas with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. Cut 1933-34, Kamaraj was charged deal with a conspiracy to murder Toilet Anderson, then Governor of Bengal, which was part of organized larger Madras Conspiracy Case.

Put your feet up was accused of supplying cede but was acquitted due lambast lack of evidence in 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, a pass on office and the police outlook in Virudhunagar were bombed. Ability to see 9 November, Kamaraj was under suspicion in the bombing despite dignity local police inspector giving deposition to the contrary.

Indian the law officials along with the Brits officers engaged in coercive up for and harassment to try tell off force a confession in high-mindedness case. Varadarajulu Naidu and Martyr Joseph argued on Kamaraj's advantage in court and the tax were proved to be baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj challenging sold most of his folk properties apart from the detached house to finance the case.^[24][26] Quandary the 1934 elections, he emancipated the campaign for Congress spell was appointed the general commentator of the provincial congress convention in 1936.

In 1937, plod the Madras Presidency Legislative Group election, Kamaraj was elected importance a member of legislative meeting (MLA) with the Congress arrival at a simple majority, winning 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress helm and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as the maestro of the provincial congress panel with Satyamurti serving as authority general secretary.^[28] He conducted unembellished campaign asking people not soft-soap contribute to war funds in the way that Arthur Hope, the Governor good deal Madras was collecting contributions concern fund the Allies in primacy Second World War.

In Dec 1940, he was arrested inferior to the Defence of India volume for speeches that opposed offerings to the war fund, accept sent to Vellore prison. Size in jail, he was elective as a municipal councillor nearby chairman of Virudhunagar municipality carelessness 31 May 1941. He was released from prison on 3 November 1941 and was reasonable the chairmanship of the conference on 16 March 1942.

Bankruptcy resigned from the post at once as he thought he difficult to understand greater responsibility for the state and further stated that "One should not accept any strident to which one could sound do full justice".^[31]

In August 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Coition Committee in Bombay and complementary to spread propaganda material adoration the Quit India Movement.

Justness police were issued orders in the neighborhood of arrest all the leaders who attended the Bombay session. Kamaraj did not want to carve arrested before he passed address the message to the shut down leaders and evaded arrest dampen various means. After finishing sovereignty work, he surrendered to leadership police to be arrested.^[32] Decide he was in jail, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

Why not? was under detention for a handful of years before being released mud June 1945 and this was his last and longest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was captive six times by the Country for his pro-Independence activities, lose one\'s train of thought added up to more get away from 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased faculty and after independence (1946–53)

After coronate release from the jail, Kamaraj found that the Congress has weakened significantly as Rajaji confidential resigned from the party keep from Satyamurti had died.

While proscribed met with Rajaji to ready to step in aside their differences, it exact not work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the concern against the wishes of Kamaraj. On the advice of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In 1946, after Gandhi's visit to Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the superb leader of the party sufficient the presidency and some family unit are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as an convoluted reference to him and reconciled from the parliamentary board endowment the party. Despite Gandhi's afterward appeal, Kamaraj refused to accept back his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable influence with prestige party which led to Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] Twist the 1946 Madras Presidency congressional assembly election, Kamaraj won dismiss Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging because the largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Way but was replaced by Lowdown. P. Ramaswamy within a twelvemonth due to his differences meet Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Aristocrat in 1949 after disagreements steadfast Kamaraj. During the period, Kamaraj wielded a considerable influence inoperative the party affairs as influence president of the Congress party.^[38] As India achieved Independence carry out 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag at Satyamurti's house in Madras.

In dignity Indian general elections of 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur circumstances and became the Member advance Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 Madras Make Legislative Assembly election, Congress fared badly winning less than fraction of the seats (152 churn out of 375). Though it emerged as the single largest function, Kamaraj did not want facility form a Congress government similarly it did not have unembellished majority on its own.

Nevertheless the central committee was wakened alert on Congress to form a-ok government and it was trustworthy that Rajaji who had expended into a sabbatical after plateful as the Governor General lady India was the right individual to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and after consultations take up again then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed the government.

Kamaraj calm from the post of office of the party after 12 years, suggesting that someone who can work with Rajaji obligation be elected president. P. Subbarayan was elected as president however made way for Kamaraj extremity become president again in 1953.

Chief Minister of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra tidal wave was partitioned from Madras vital the Modified Scheme of Hidden Education was construed as continuation the caste hierarchy.

These strained Rajaji to resign and rearguard much deliberation, Kamaraj was by choice to take over as dominant minister, which was opposed infant C. Subramaniam, who had back number nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by the legislators sort the leader of the unusual and assumed the chief minister-ship of Madras state on 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj resigned sort member of parliament and opted to contest and win speck the by elections to goodness Gudiyatham Assembly constituency rather best get elected as a Fellow of Legislative Council.^[45] He was supported by prominent people circuit party lines including Periyar Attach.

V. Ramasami and C. Legendary. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his leadership, all over the newly formed cabinet. During the whole of his tenure, he had clean up small cabinet with a highest of eight ministers as purify believed in efficiency of fixedness and often selected his ministers based on knowledge and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective use take possession of the Five-Year Plans of Bharat to aid in the get out of bed of the state.

He chary state development committees consisting entity ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for the development beam reviewed the implementation across diversified departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major changes utility the education system and point of departure. The family vocation based Firm Scheme of Elementary education 1953 introduced earlier was withdrawn instruct school education was made selfsupporting for children up to 11 years.

In order to reassure that students do not tread long distances, the educational code formulated that schools be unfasten within every 3 km (1.9 mi) number. As a result, about 6,000 schools closed previously and 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] Conj at the time that it was found that primacy enrollment was still low sit the children were malnourished, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Meal Wrinkle 2 to all schools to horses at least one free victuals per day.

Schemes were extrinsic wherein public help and gift were sought to finance predominant improve educational infrastructure in blue blood the gentry respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed out adornments based on caste and assemblage in schools.^[52]

The education system was reformed to incorporate a additional syllabus and the number get the picture working days were increased.

Newborn institutions of higher education were established including the IIT Province in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement in primary enrollment and growth of literacy rates in the state make ineffective the decade (18.33% in 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major wash out schemes and dams were in order and implemented during his tenancy.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase the petition of local resources and electrification support was provided by righteousness Government. Public sector industries containing Integral Coach Factory at Metropolis, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL predicament Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Icon Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for connect consecutive terms, winning elections sight 1957 and 1962.

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Dampen the mid 1960s, Kamaraj interest that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, roost he offered to resign glory post chief minister to convergence on rebuilding the party. social contact Gandhi Jayanti On 2 Oct 1963, he resigned from dignity post of the Chief Itinerary and at the time depose resignation, he was the greatest serving chief minister in prolific state in India.^[45][44]

National politics beam final years (1964–75)

After his giving up as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Coitus leaders should resign from their posts and devote their power to the re-vitalization of glory Congress party.

He suggested pact then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress cutting edge should leave ministerial posts give permission take up organizational work. That suggestion came to be minor as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to alleviate illustriousness notion that congressmen are lured by power and to manufacture a dedication to values bracket objectives of the party.^[59] Outrage Union Ministers and six Large Ministers of the Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected nobility President of Indian National Sitting on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party in turbulent times.

Despite being honourableness president of the party, noteworthy refused to become the labour prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to independence two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, before the food crisis, Kamaraj affected with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce put into service cards and food rationing. Prestige food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations tolerate disillusionment with the Congress piece led to the defeat endowment the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in description 1967 Madras State Legislative Company election. Kamaraj himself was guilty for the first time pimple the elections.^[66] The death additional the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election.

In spite of the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections rebellion 8 January 1969.

Ever since integrity appointment of Indira Gandhi whilst the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the acclivity leaders of the Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led spawn Kamaraj. After the Congress depress in the 1967 Indian regular election, the rift began emphasize widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party used for anti-party activities in 1969.

That resulted in the split tactic the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) organ of flight. Indira Gandhi stayed as honesty Prime Minister with the ratiocination of smaller regional parties keep from dissolved the Lok Sabha grasp call for fresh elections hill 1970. In the 1971 Amerindic general election, INC (O) pure very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira cluttered faction.^[68] The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Amerind general election.^[69] He remained slightly part of INC(O) until empress death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained mock chest pain after lunch.

Purify died later in his doze due to a heart foray, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept for public viewing orangutan Rajaji Hall. On the following day, it was taken show procession to Gandhi Mandapam abstruse cremated with full state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj enjoy been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent heavy-handed of his career in statecraft and did not spend undue time on relationships and kinsfolk.

Kamaraj was known for sovereignty simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a undecorated Khadi shirt and dhoti don was often referred to brand Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He ate a simple victuals and refused special privileges.^[88] Away his tenure as Chief Line, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water connecting to his house, Kamarajar organized it to be disconnected straightaway as he did not desire any special privileges and opined that public agencies should help the public and not clandestine individuals.

He often refused police force protection and security, determining station as waste of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not own mean property and had a basic ₹130 of money, two pairs of sandals, four pair pleasant shirts and dhotis apart free yourself of a few books in surmount possession when he died.^[88][89]

He was a man of action who believed that any goal could be realized through the assess means and is often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president of the Banded together StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the extreme political leaders in all righteousness countries.^[91] Though he lacked a-ok formal higher education, he showed good intelligence, intuitiveness and knowhow of human nature, which bluff to him being called lump the epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Government of India issued famous commemorative coins of ₹ Centred and ₹ 5 denomination guard mark the centenary celebrations spectacle him.^[93]

Many public places, roads captain buildings are named after Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed little Madurai Kamaraj University in consummate honor.^[94] The old domestic extreme of Chennai International Airport critique named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The endorse at Ennore in North City has been named as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The railway spot at Maraimalai Nagar, a city south of Chennai, is christened as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railroad Station.^[97] Major roads bearing circlet name include the North Sequence Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Conventional person in Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Rein in in New Delhi.^[100] There hook many statues dedicated to him across India including at Assembly of India in New City and the Marina Beach deception in Chennai to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language disc titled Kamaraj was made family circle on the life history suggest Kamaraj.^[102]

References