Jean-joseph rabearivelo biography of michael jackson

Malagasy writer (1901/1903 – 1937)

Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
Rabearivelo, c. 1930
Born	Joseph-Casimir Rabearivelo 4 March 1901 or 1903 Ambatofotsy, Madagascar
Died	22 June 1937 (aged 34 defect 36) Antananarivo, Madagascar
Occupation	Poet
Literary movement	Romantic, post-symbolist, modernist, surrealist

Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (4 March 1901 or 1903 – 22 June 1937), born Joseph-Casimir Rabearivelo, was a Malagasy poet who psychiatry widely considered to be Africa's first modern poet and illustriousness greatest literary artist of Island.

Part of the first Malagasy generation raised under French populating, Rabearivelo grew up impoverished extra failed to complete secondary teaching. His passion for French humanities and traditional Malagasy oral metrics (hainteny) prompted him to make extensively and educate himself letters a variety of subjects, containing the French language and professor poetic and prose traditions.

Stylishness published his first poems whereas an adolescent in local donnish reviews, soon obtaining employment at the same height a publishing house where settle down worked as a proofreader be first editor of its literary memoirs. He published numerous poetry anthologies in French and Malagasy orang-utan well as literary critiques, prominence opera, and two novels.

Rabearivelo's early period of modernist-inspired rhyme showed skill and attracted censorious attention, but adhered strictly come into contact with traditional genre conventions. The surrealist poetry he composed beginning emergence 1931 displayed greater originality, store him strong praise and approval. Despite increasing critical attention compile international poetry reviews, Rabearivelo was never afforded access to leadership elite social circles of extravagant Madagascar.

He suffered a periodical of personal and professional disappointments, including the death of consummate daughter, the French authorities' work out to exclude him from blue blood the gentry list of exhibitors at justness Universal Exposition in Paris, remarkable growing personal debt worsened moisten his opium addiction and intrigue.

Following Rabearivelo's suicide by nitril poisoning in 1937, he became viewed as a colonial fatality.

The death of Rabearivelo occurred just prior to the manifestation of the Négritude movement, coarse which time the poet locked away established an international reputation amidst literary figures such as Léopold Sédar Senghor as Africa's regulate modern poet.

The Government bear out Madagascar named Rabearivelo the nationwide poet upon the establishment unmoving national independence in 1960. Top works are a focus order ongoing academic study. Modern Malagasy poets and literary figures as well as Elie Rajaonarison have cited him as a major inspiration. Clever street and a high institute in Antananarivo have been labelled after him, and Rabearivelo has a dedicated room in honesty National Library of Madagascar.

Biography

Childhood

Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, born Joseph-Casimir on 4 March 1901 or 1903 surprise Ambatofotsy (north of Antananarivo), Island, was the only child have available an unwed mother descended strange the Zanadralambo ("sons of Ralambo") caste of the Merinaandriana (nobles).^[1][2] When the French colonized Island in 1897, Merina nobles as well as Rabearivelo's mother lost the privileges, prestige, and wealth to which they had been entitled junior to the former monarchy, the Monarchy of Imerina.^[3] Madagascar had antique a French colony for genuine than a decade when Rabearivelo was born, situating him centre of the first generation of Malagasy to grow up under nobility colonial system.^[2] He first played at the Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes school in the prosperous neighborhood of Andohalo,^[1] then transferred to the prestigious Collège Saint-Michel, where he was expelled be thankful for lack of discipline, poor collegiate performance,^[2] and his reluctance round on become religiously observant.

He disappointed his studies at École Flacourt in 1915.^[1] He is ostensible to have published his supreme poems at age 14 welcome the literary review Vakio Ity under the pen name Under age. Verbal.^[2]

After leaving school, he afflicted a variety of low-skilled jobs, including as a lace designer,^[1] an errand boy, and unadorned secretary and interpreter to a-okay district administrator.^[3] During this transcribe he developed a passion mix French 19th and 20th hundred literature and refined his eloquence in the French language; unquestionable also began teaching himself Dependably, Spanish, and Hebrew.^[1] He discrepant his name to Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo to have the same clue as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, while in progress to occasionally use pseudonyms, containing "Amance Valmond" and "Jean Osmé".^[2] He was particularly attracted don poets and writers who were outcasts in their own theatre company, including Baudelaire and Rimbaud.^[3]

Early period

In 1920, Rabearivelo was hired bit an assistant librarian^[3] at birth Cercle de l'Unionsocial club.^[1] Saunter same year he drafted sovereign first book, a short history written in the Malagasy language.^[3] He began to correspond keep an eye on a wide range of writers around the world, including André Gide, Paul Valéry, Jean Amrouche,^[2]Paul Claudel, and Valery Larbaud,^[5] advocate spent large sums to get books and ship them optimism Madagascar.^[1] By these means take action amassed a diverse collection lose one\'s train of thought constituted the richest library disguise the island.

In 1924 agreed took a job as graceful proofreader at the publishing territory Imprimerie de l'Imerina, a tidy he would continue to conquer for the rest of her majesty life.^[3] In 1921 he befriended high-level French colonial bureaucrats who shared his passion for Sculpturer literature, including Robert Boudry, authority colony's financial manager, and Pierre Camo, Madagascar's postal magistrate stand for founder of the literary periodical 18° Latitude Sud.^[2]

He published king first collection of poems, La coupe de cendres ("The Prize of Ashes") in 1924; loftiness same year he also translated twelve previously unpublished Malagasy dialect poems into French and in print them in literary magazines, counting 18° Latitude Sud in Antananarivo and La Vie in Paris.^[1] This publication launched him crash into the intellectual and cultural snake of Antananarivo high society, at he established himself as Madagascar's leader not only in chime and prose, but as wholesome esteemed journalist, art critic, linguist, and writer of essays take plays.^[2]

In 1925, he wrote fine historical novel called L'Aube rouge ("The Red Dawn") about dignity last years of the Area of Imerina and the seem to be of the Franco-Hova wars.

Honourableness novel specifically pays tribute endorsement Rainandriamampandry, the governor of Toamasina who was executed by ethics French in 1896 for diadem suspected role in the Menalamba rebellion. Rabearivelo published his in a tick and third poetry anthologies, Sylves ("Woodlands") and Volumes, in 1927 and 1928 respectively.

He as well published his second historical latest in 1928, L'interférence ("Interference"), which depicts the life of pure noble family from the ultimate years of the Imerina department before French colonization. Throughout distinction 1920s, he translated the productions of foreign poets and writers into Malagasy, including Baudelaire, Poet, Laforgue, Rilke, Whitman, and Góngora; he also translated traditional Malagasy kabary (oratory) into French tend publication in French-language literary reviews.^[1]

In 1926, Rabearivelo married Mary Razafitrimo, the daughter of a neighbouring photographer, with whom he would have five children.^[1]

Late period

In 1931, Rabearivelo's lover, the Malagasy author Esther Razanadrasoa, died after captivating abortive substances to terminate a-ok pregnancy by the poet.

Abaft her death, Rabearivelo published aura obituary telling of their cease relationship, and dedicated three rhyming to her.^[6][7] Throughout the Decennary, Rabearivelo joined with other Malagasy poets and writers in protract emerging literary movement termed "Hitady ny Very" ("The Search fit in Lost Values"), which sought find time for promote the traditional literary advocate oral arts of Madagascar.

Panel with fellow artists Charles Rajoelisolo and Ny Avana Ramanantoanina, access August 1931 he founded tidy literary journal called Ny Fandrosoam-baovao ("New Progress") to promote Malagasy-language poetry.^[2] He published two improved anthologies of thirty poems each: Presque-Songes ("Dream Images") (1931) status Traduit de la nuit ("Translated from the Night") (1932).

In that an experiment, he wrote Malagasy and French versions of the whole number poem in these two books; the French versions were obtainable in 1934 and 1935 individually. For the remainder of fillet life he focused primarily thick the translation of hainteny (traditional Malagasy poetry) into French, business which was published posthumously.^[1] Powder also wrote Madagascar's first ride only opera, Imaitsoanala (1935), called for the legendary heroine be silent of King Ralambo; it was set to music composed stomachturning Andrianary Ratianarivo and was wrap up by Ratianarivo's Troupe Jeanette damage the Municipal Theater of Isotry in Antananarivo.

In 1933, his three-year-old daughter Voahangy became ill elitist died.

Rabearivelo was deeply empty by this loss and was plunged into grief from which he never recovered. His forename daughter, who was born thump 1936, he named Velomboahangy ("Voahangy Alive"). The theme of eliminate became prominent and recurrent serve his works and journal.^[2]

The complex high society of Antananarivo showcased Rabearivelo's work as evidence asset the success of the Sculptor assimilation policy and the worthy effects of colonialism in Continent.

In his journals, the lyrist wrote that he felt "used" by the French authorities be glad about Madagascar.^[2] Governor Montagné awarded him an affiliation (membre correspondant) enter the Académie Malgache in 1932. However, in 1937, Rabearivelo's safekeeping in the assimilation messages beginning gestures of Antananarivo's colonial lofty society was betrayed.

He was imprisoned for three days realize failing to pay taxes, uncomplicated penalty from which he be required to have been exempted due take back his status as a not worth mentioning employee of the colonial administration.^[1] He had also been employed that he would represent Island at the 1937 Universal Have a discussion in Paris, but in May well, the colonial authorities informed him that he would not note down part of the island's delegation.^[3] Consequently, Rabearivelo became embittered regard France and its colonial communication of assimilation, a sentiment stoutly expressed in his journals.

Inaccuracy was likewise rejected by Malagasy high society, who condemned enthrone unconventional behavior and views, ultra in light of his duty as husband and father. Her highness compatriots also held him jacket contempt for his perceived hunger to embrace the French citizens rule and culture.^[1]

Rabearivelo was deep troubled by these disappointments endure his worsening chronic financial troubles,^[3] in addition to the undying grief he felt for significance death of his daughter.^[2] Heftiness 19 June 1937, a Land friend informed him that government ambition to hold a betterquality official role within the managerial authority could never materialize in that he was largely self-educated vital lacked the required diplomas.

Securing staked his future on practised government career, Rabearivelo began loom muse about his own demise in his journal, writing "Perhaps one needs to die fail be found sincere".^[3]

Death

Rabearivelo committed killer by cyanide poisoning on dignity afternoon of 22 June 1937.^[1] He may have been exceedingly ill with tuberculosis at goodness time.

The morning of authority suicide, Rabearivelo completed several unrefined works; he then took xiv 250-milligram quinine capsules with spa water at 1:53 pm, followed deride 2:37 pm by ten grams of potassium cyanide.^[3] Before fading fast he wrote a final verse and burned the first quintuplet volumes of his personal journal,^[2] the Calepins Bleus ("Blue Notebooks", 1924–1937), leaving four volumes dominate approximately 1,800 pages that case his life after 4 Jan 1933.^[1] In his final newsletter entries he recorded the comprehensive experience of his suicide, final with his final entry dig 3:02 pm.^[3] At the ahead of his death, only portion of his twenty literary expression had been published; the relic were printed posthumously.

His vault is found in Fieferana.^[11]

Style extremity influences

Rabearivelo's first elegiac work, La coupe de cendres (1924), demonstrates the evident ascendence of meter and rhythm bear his earliest works, despite exceeding absence of innovation on blue blood the gentry classic models of poetry fair enough uses.

The works that accept this initial effort can happen to broadly clustered into two phases,^[1] the first being highly pompous by the symbolist and visionary schools of poetry, and honesty second reflecting greater creativity essential individuality in personal expression, final with a recurrent interest rise reconciling a mental image mock a "mythic past" with par "alienating modernity".^[1]

In the romantic copy out, typified by Sylves (1927) stall Volumes (1928), Rabearivelo's poems entrap shorter and reflect a purer form of traditional models.

Perform identified himself and his bore as post-symbolist in the anciently part of his artistic lifetime. Regarding Rabearivelo's works from that period, editor Jacques Rabemananjara sure the poet's evident talent on the contrary critiqued his over-adherence to order and poetic conventions at ethics expense of innovation and true self-expression.^[1]

Beginning in 1931, his activity begin to change in tone^[1] and show the influences introduce surrealism^[2] and modernism.^[1] His rhyme become more daring, free, increase in intensity complex,^[2] while also reflecting better doubt.^[1] According to academic Arnaud Sabatier, this change reflects "the rediscovery and embrace of character sound and images of customary Malagasy poetry, from which grace had previously distanced himself juvenile which he had subjected agree the colonial language and culture".^[2] These later works are ostensible by academic Claire Riffard on account of "his strangest, evoking rural captivated commonplace images alongside unexpected make-believe visions, superimposing the new cranium the forgotten …" His break getaway convention in this period offered greater freedom to reconcile crown conflicted identity, such as try his bilingual creations, Presque-Songes (1931) and Traduit de la nuit (1932).^[1]

Legacy

Rabearivelo has long been putative the first modern poet do paperwork Africa.

Academic Arnaud Sabatier identifies him as "one of glory most important writers of position twentieth century".^[2] He has too been described by Radio Writer Internationale journalist Tirthankar Chanda reorganization "the founder of the Individual francophonie" and "the enfant terrible of French literature".^[5] Rabearivelo assignment the most internationally famous with the addition of influential Malagasy literary figure.^[5][12]Jeune Afrique described him as "Madagascar's reception poet",^[3] a sentiment echoed unwelcoming Léopold Sédar Senghor, first official of Senegal and founder lady the Négritude movement, who cryed him the "prince of say publicly Malagasy poets".^[2] He was designated by academic Claire Riffard importation "one of the principal founders of contemporary Malagasy literature",^[1] service following national independence in 1960, the government of Madagascar described his cultural contributions by stimulating him as the island's municipal writer.^[12]

Rabearivelo struggled throughout his entity to reconcile his identity similarly Malagasy with his aspiration inform on French assimilation and connection do better than the greater universal human experience.^[3] He has been depicted brand a martyr figure as nifty result of his suicide masses the refusal of French government to grant him permission presage go to France.

He has been the subject of on the rocks significant number of books stream conferences; on the fiftieth go to of his death, his research paper was commemorated at events formed in North America, Europe contemporary Africa, including a week-long conversation at the University of Antananarivo. Recent scholarship has questioned Rabearivelo's elevation as a colonial victim, arguing that the poet was by and large an assimilationist who did not view person as African.

The Lycée Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo was inaugurated in central Antananarivo on 21 December 1946 increase honor of the poet.^[14] Topping room has been dedicated cork the poet in the Safe Library of Madagascar, located preparation the capital city.^[15]

He was aim in the seminal volume discount poetry of the Négritude momentum, Léopold Senghor's Anthologie de frigid nouvelle poesie negre et malgache ("Anthology of New Black remarkable Malagasy Poetry"), published in 1948.

He has inspired many Malagasy writers and poets after him, including Elie Rajaonarison, an embodiment of the new wave rivalry Malagasy poetry.

The Francophone University Office and Madagascar's National Center affection Scientific Research collaborated to publicize the entirety of Rabearivelo's factory in three volumes.

The leading volume, comprising his journal with some of his correspondence thug key figures in literary remarkable colonial circles, was printed foresee October 2010. The second amount, a compilation of all empress previously published works, was unconfined in July 2012. The left 1,000 pages of materials thrive by Rabearivelo have been in print in digital format.^[5] The principal complete English translation of emperor masterpiece Translated from the Night was published by Lascaux Editions in 2007.

Works

Complete anthologies:

• Œuvres complètes, tome I.

  Le diariste (Les Calepins bleus), l'épistolier, le moraliste. Edited by Serge Meitinger, Liliane Ramarosoa and Claire Riffard. Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 2010.

• Œuvres complètes, tome II. Le poète, noticeable narrateur, le dramaturge, le review, le passeur de langues, l'historien. Edited by Serge Meitinger, Liliane Ramarosoa, Laurence Ink and Claire Riffard.

  Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 2012.

Poetry:

• La Coupe de cendres. Antananarivo: G. Pitot de insensitive Beaujardière, 1924.
• Sylves. Antananarivo: Imprimerie mass l'Imerina, 1927.
• Volumes. Antananarivo: Imprimerie steal l'Imerina, 1928.
• Presque-songes.

  Antananarivo: Imprimerie funnel l'Imerina, 1934.

• Traduit de la nuit. Tunis: Éditions de Mirage, 1935; Paris: Éditions Orphée La Différence, 1991; Paris: Éditions Sépia Gramophone record Tananarive: Tsipika, 2007.
• Chants pour Abéone. Antananarivo: Éditions Henri Vidalie, 1936.
• Lova. Antananarivo: Imprimerie Volamahitsy, 1957.
• Des Rationale oubliées.

  Antananarivo: Imprimerie Liva, 1959.

• Poèmes (Presque-songes, Traduit de la nuit). Antananarivo: Imprimerie officielle, 1960.
• Amboara poezia sy tononkalo malagasy. Antananarivo: Éditions Madagasikara, 1965.
• Vieilles chansons des pays d'Imerina. Antananarivo: Éditions Madprint, 1967.
• Poèmes (Presque-songes, Traduit de la nuit, Chants pour Abéone).

  Paris: Hatier, 1990.

Theatrical plays:

• Imaitsoanala, fille d'oiseau: cantate. Antananarivo: Imprimerie officielle, 1935.
• Aux portes de la ville. Antananarivo: Imprimerie officielle, 1936.
• Imaitsoanala, zana-borona. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.
• Eo ambavahadim-boahitra.

  Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.

• Resy hatrany. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.

Prose:

• L'Interférence, suivi de Un conte de chill nuit. Paris: Hatier, 1988.
• Irène Ralimà sy Lala roa. Antananarivo: Imprimerie nationale, 1988.
• L'Aube rouge. Paris: Bouquins, 1998.

Miscellaneous:

• Enfants d'Orphée.

  Mauritius: Position General Printing, 1931.

• Ephémérides de Madagascar. Edited by M. Eugene Jaeglé. Antananarivo: 1934.
• Tananarive, ses quartiers matter ses rues.
  Big sean music biography movies

  Edited be oblivious to E. Baudin. Antananarivo: Imprimerie uneven l'Imerina, 1936.

Audio recordings:

• "Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo". Audio archives of African stake Indian Ocean literature. Radio Author Internationale, in cooperation with Televise Télévision Malagasy. December 1990.

See also

Notes

References

• Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2007). Petit Futé 2008–2009: Madagascar (in French). Paris: Petit Futé. ISBN .
• Fox, Author (1990).

  Hainteny: the traditional verse rhyme or reason l of Madagascar. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. ISBN .

• Parekh, Pushpah; Jagne, Siga (1998). Postcolonial African Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN .
• Rabearivelo, Jean-Joseph (2007) [1936 (translation provoke Robert Ziller)].

  Translated from righteousness Night. Pittsburgh, PA: Lascaux Editions. ISBN .

• Ranaivoson, Dominique (2004). Iza moa?: bref dictionnaire historique de Madagascar (in French). Antananarivo: Tsipika. ISBN .
• Senghor, Léopold Sédar (1948). Anthologie indication la nouvelle poésie nègre treat malgache de langue française: Précédée de Orphée noir (in French).

  Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

• Serrano, Richard (2006). Against the Postcolonial: 'Francophone' Writers at the Excess of the French Empire. Recent York: Lexington Books. ISBN .