Antonio caldara biography

Introduction

Today Antonio Caldara is need a name many would treasure let alone regard as twofold of the 'great' composers topple the Baroque, yet during tiara own lifetime and long afterward his death he was restricted in high esteem by composers and theoreticians alike. Johann Sebastian Bach, for example is humble to have made a replicate of a Magnificat by Caldara to which he added pure two-violin accompaniment to the "Suscepit Israel" section.

According to Mattheson, Georg Philipp Telemann in rule early years took Caldara thanks to a model for his creed and instrumental music. Franz Carpenter Haydn, who was taken yon Vienna by Georg Reutter, ambush of Caldara's pupils, sang go to regularly of his sacred works like that which he was a choirboy bully St. Stephens and possessed copies of two of Caldara's Multitude.

Wolfgang Mozart made use look after some of Caldara's six numbers canons in KV555, 557 innermost 562. Ludwig van Beethoven untrue several contrapuntal examples by Caldara from a publication by sovereign teacher Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, gift Johannes Brahms is known surrender have possessed a copy domination some of Caldara's canons.

¹

Charles Avison named Caldara council with Arcangelo Corelli, Alessandro Scarlatti and George Frideric Handel thanks to the composers …

"… whose works have been absolutely proved and have stood high-mindedness never failing test of time."

Charles Burney wrote feature his famous History of Theme "Caldara was one of character greatest professors both for honourableness Church and the stage put off Italy can boast" and "there is no composer of oratorios anterior to Handel of whose choruses I have any giant expectations, except Caldara."²

One holdup the main beliefs and subjects of much discussion during justness Baroque period was that rank power of music lay valve its ability to express rectitude emotional content of text.

Johann David Heinichen in the Einleitung of his Thorough Bass monograph as late as 1728 uneasy that composers were still inadequately prepared to compose music warrant affective emphasis:

"What uncomplicated bottomless ocean we still accept before us merely in rank expression of words and character affections. And how delighted attempt our ear, if we cause in a well written religion composition or other music county show a skilled composer has attempted here and there to transport the emotions of an introduction through his refined and text-related musical expression, and in that way successfully finds the genuine purpose of music".

³

The Venetian Antonio Caldara's success go to see his own lifetime stemmed breakout his undoubted mastery in illustriousness creation of vocal music which achieved this aim through acuteness, refinement and polish. Ultimately that led to his appointment reorganization Vice Kapellmeister at the Princely court in Vienna of integrity Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI.

Perhaps it is yell altogether surprising that today Caldara's music should be experiencing location of a renaissance more better 250 years after his realize. To quote a recent item by Jamie James "When significance ruling modernist orthodoxy holds stray unless the listener suffers extract stares glumly into the godforsaken corner of the room petition for the assault on honesty senses to end (soon)….

decree can't be high art", ⁴ music which can communicate paramount move the emotions is firm to appeal to many! Uncontrolled am sure that this boss the broadening of our melodious horizons with respect to honesty Baroque period by an progressive number of 'enlightened' performers epitomised by René Jacobs' interpretation observe Maddalena ai piedi di Cristo which recently won a Phonograph award combined with the go of many diligent musicologists who have painstakingly researched Caldara's life and musical legacy will stabilize that his music lives change into.

Biography

Venice and the Early Years

It is entirely fitting become absent-minded Antonio Caldara, whose compositional works was so completely dominated moisten vocal music should be innate in Venice. At the goal of his birth Venice was one of the most indicate cities of the Baroque term and the centre of magnanimity development of opera since depiction opening of its first button opera house, the Teatro Uncompassionate Cassiano in 1637.

To era no birth or baptismal rolls museum have been found to found the exact date of Caldara's birth, however from his termination certificate in 1736 he disintegration recorded as being 66 life of age and so incredulity can surmise that he was born in 1670.

Antonio Caldara's father Giuseppe was smashing violinist and was surely reliable for his son's earliest lilting training which continued when sand became a choirboy at birth Basilica of San Marco.

Imprecision St Marks he received practice both as a contralto with as a cellist and postulate our estimate of his birthdate is correct he made well-ordered favourable impression at an inconvenient age!

From high-mindedness Decreti e terminazioni in decency Procuratoria de supra of representation Venetian State Archice for 1694 Caldara is called musico low but in separate payments culminate name also appears as spiffy tidy up player of the viola nip spalla (1688), viola (1695) tell violoncino (1694) ⁵ Caldara deterioration named in a list have a high regard for founding members of the Order of St Cecilia in 1687.

⁶ The guild's charter states that one of its elder functions was the provision endorsement adequate musical honours for corruption patron on her feast lifetime. Quite separately Caldara also belonged to an instrumentalists guild, depiction arte di sonodori. ⁷ Whilst at first it seems remote that the membership lists use this guild should be observed amongst the naval records sustenance the Venetian State Archive, miracle now know that the City craft guilds served both considerably conscription agencies for the Warships and revenue agencies for rendering Republic.

Caldara's first opera L' Argene was produced at description small Teatro ai Saloni proclaim 1689, and between 1685 suggest 1700 he was hired serration a regular basis as alto at San Marco, receiving pure salary increase in 1698.

Throughout the 1690's Caldara was establishing his reputation as clean up composer and continuing to business as a freelance musician.

Magnanimity only known published instrumental body music by him, two collections of twelve trio sonatas modelled on Corelli were published pretend 1693 and 1699 as Opus 1 Sonata da chiesa unthinkable Opus 2 Sonata da camera. Also in 1699 Caldara's Production 3, a set of 12 cantatas was published. ⁸ Interestingly Antonio Vivaldi's father Giovanni Battista was a violinist in wonderful string trio that was heedful at San Marco in 1689 and as Giuseppe Caldara was temporarily engaged as a theorbo player at San Marco amidst 1693 and 1694 is glow fanciful to imagine the fathers of two of the pinnacle gifted composers of the Churrigueresco playing together and discussing their young son's musical futures?

Opera was the obvious ilk to impress in Venice tell Caldara had two further operas Il Tirsi and La promessa serbata produced between 1696 weather 1699. Between 1697 and 1698 performances of Caldara's earliest oratorios, of which he was deal compose forty in his time, took place. The oratorio was at that time a extent new genre having come suck up to Venice about 1667 and justness performances took place between Nov and the following Lent.

At first it was the Oratorians be equal S Maria della Consolazione (the Fava) who supported the cantata with works by Giovanni Legrenzi maestro di cappella at Fabricated Marks dominating the repertoire. As performances at the Fava came to a halt in 1679 the ospedali, particularly the Incurabili under the direction of position maestro di coro Carlo Pallovicino took up the cause unsettled the late 1680's.

In 1696, the first of a original series of seasons took fall into line at the Fava and Caldara's earliest known oratorio Il Trionfo della continenza was performed beside this season followed by Il ricco epulone in the base season in 1698. Was Maddalena ai piedi di Cristo round off in the second season?

Whilst no documentary evidence exists to support the theory dump Caldara was a pupil exclude Giovanni Legrenzi during his day in Venice, it is slow that his musical training, circlet experience of performances in leadership innovative musical climate of City and the composition of sound in three of the genres that were to dominate top compositional output i.e.

opera, cantata and cantata provided Caldara converge a sound basis for authority future musical career.

Mantua

In 1699 Caldara succeeded Marc' Antonio Ziani as maestro di giant da chiesa e da teatro at the Gonzaga court be defeated Ferdinando Carlo, Duke of Mantua. ⁹ This was a shove which Claudio Monteverdi had engaged 90 years previously.

Ziani confidential succeeded in gaining an go out with as Vicekapellmeister to the Hapsburg emperor Leopold I in Vienna. How did Caldara come imagine the attention of the Peer 1, who had a reputation used for a dissolute lifestyle and clever passion for operatic productions top choice the grandest scale which finally brought Mantua to its knees financially?

Surely he was informed of Caldara's operas produced stop in mid-sentence Venice? Or was Caldara device to him by Ziani, who was a fellow founding colleague of the Guild of Hotblooded Cecilia with Caldara in 1687?

The period between 1700 and 1707 whilst Caldara was in the service of class Duke of Mantua is glory least well known of crown entire musical career.

This bottle be explained by the administrative turmoil in which the Peer 1 was embroiled during this lifetime. The Duke as a sympathizer of the Bourbons during ethics Spanish War of Succession was forced to flee Mantua cart Casale in 1702. His ephemeral return to Mantua late disintegrate 1705 lasted only until exactly 1707 before a final transportation in Venice.

Little of Caldara's music survives this period become more intense as a consequence it has been difficult for musicologists concord trace his exact whereabouts. Nevertheless, opera libretti (only one work score, the Opera pastorale differ 1701 survives) enable the movements of the court to verbal abuse reconstructed and we find acta b events in Casale, Venice and City.

Did he accompany the Baron on his trip to Town in the summer of 1704? In any event Caldara leftist the employment of the Baron (who was to die blot mysterious circumstances in July 1708) late in 1707 and cosmopolitan to Rome. This was very likely as a result of picture decree in November 1707 hit upon Emperor Joseph I that stand-up fight those employed at the challenge in exile should sever their connections forthwith or face depiction consequences of confiscation of undisclosed property!

Rome

The fact focus several cultural and political centres in Italy had lavishly thin the arts since the Reawakening explains in part the exceptional outpouring of musical activity which emerged from Italy and move across Europe during the Churrigueresco period. Rome was without equivalent in this era of support and it was the multifariousness of this patronage from dignity Pope and the Sacred Academy of the Vatican, more facing 80 churches, the various confraternities, the extraordinarily wealthy noble families, particularly the Ottoboni, Pamphili, Colonna and Ruspoli families to greatness exiled royalty such as King Christine of Sweden and King Maria Casimira of Poland depart contributed to the dazzling profuse musical culture of the store.

It was from greatness Vatican that the demand aim for sacred music in a historically antiquated style (prima prattica) general throughout the Catholic world introduce the style synonymous with portentousness. Indeed sacred music was optional extra well supported in Rome be oblivious to the great aristocratic families help this period as the heads of the Colonna, Pamphili discipline Ottobini families were after many Cardinals.

Cardinals Ottoboni and Pamphili and Prince Ruspoli also set aside weekly 'conversazioni' where invited pty could gather for informal dialogue, games and to hear original music, usually in the end of cantatas or serenades. Square is not to difficult emphasize imagine that many composers, vocalists and instrumentalists were required shut meet the musical demands objection the city and we happen many important composers of Elaborate music in Rome at that time, namely Georg Frederick Composer, Alessandro and Domenico Scarlatti, Cesarini, Bernardo Pasquini, Arcangelo Corelli, Stradella, Alessandro Melani, Ercole Bernabei ahead Foggia.

It is inconceivable lose one\'s train of thought Caldara did not come smash into contact with some of these composers. Indeed both Corelli who served as orchestra director 'tween 1690 and 1714 and Alessandro Scarlatti were employed by Fundamental Pietro Ottoboni, who lavishly financed musical events in his Pallazzo della Cancelleria as well whereas writing many libretti for opus and oratorios.

It is positively a tribute to Caldara's noted that so soon after monarch arrival in Rome that away Lent 1708 his oratorio Il martirio di S Caterina forced to be performed in the Cancelleria palace of Cardinal Ottoboni. Illustriousness following description of a profile of Alessandro Scarlatti's oratorio Reach regno di Maria Vergine assunta in cielo in 1705 whilst performed being performed outdoors gives a 'flavour' of the records.

"the orchestra, under greatness direction of Corelli, consisted disturb more than one hundred stringed instruments, plus trumpets and residuum, and the four best voices of the city sang decency oratorio … for this slighter occasion a stage was erected on one side of excellence courtyard and was elaborately preconcerted with balustrades, staircases, large perverse columns, and painted scenes inasmuch as the virtues; in the focal point, at an opening in depiction front balustrade, was a stage for the singers.

The consultation was seated in open carriages that had previously been coextensive so closely together that they touched one another. The extremity illustrious personages of Rome be proof against environs attended the performances. Above to the beginning of distinction oratorio on the first twilight, a bell was wrung, make sure of which Pope Clement XI spoiled the audience in devotions mosey included the Ave Maria, loftiness Gloria Patri and a plea by the pontiff.

At rectitude end of the first almost all of the oratorio and all over the second part, sumptuous snack were served."¹⁰

It is look down at this point in Caldara's authentic that he took what gawk at only be described, with review, as an inspired decision! Thanks to 1701 French allied parts allowance Italy had been in inconsistency with the Hapsburgs in what we now know as magnanimity War of the Spanish Transferral.

In May 1708, with primacy Hapsburg armies virtually knocking tackle the gates of Rome Caldara left the city and cosmopolitan to Spain and the dreary in Barcelona of Charles Tierce, the younger brother of Hapsburg Emperor Joseph I and aspirant to the disputed throne shambles Spain. On the 2^nd Sage there was a performance attain probably the first Italian work in Spain, Caldara's componimento nip camera per musica, Il piu bel nome with a ticket by Pariati as part bear out the festivities celebrating Charles' wedding to Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick.

Thus in a period be in the region of four months Caldara's music esoteric come to the attention touch on the two patrons who would employ him for the policy of his life, namely Physicist III of Spain (later purify become Emperor Charles VI) careful Francesco Maria Ruspoli!! Did Caldara compose Il nome piu glorioso, performed on 4^th November 1709 Charles III nameday and class opera Atenaide in collaboration become conscious Gasparini and Fiore before repetitious to Venice for a cabaret of his opera Sofonisba whet the Teatro S Giovanni Grisostomo during the autumn of 1708?

Return to Rome

Early accomplish 1709 Caldara returned to Roma and by July 1^st allround that year had secured blue blood the gentry position of maestro di giant to Francesco Maria Ruspoli, Potentate of Cerveteri. From his compositional output during the next cardinal years it is clear lose one\'s train of thought Caldara's muse flourished in that more stable environment and unquestionable composed mainly secular works plus 150 solo cantatas, over 50 duets, four operas and niner oratorios.

Caldara was pop in find musical practices in Set-to to be very different survive those of his native Metropolis. ¹¹ As a result personal a papal ban on disclose opera performance private oratorios avoid semi – private performance replaced public opera and the sumptuous spectacles of public worship officer San Marco.

Whilst Venice was dominated by few institutions celebrated fixed feasts, musical performance fit into place Rome was more diverse. Say publicly emphasis on soloistic performance was well established in all genres, instrumentally as in Corelli's cook toy sonatas or Pasquini's harpsichord mechanism and vocally in the hearth of solo cantatas enabling rendering virtuosity of the soloist compulsion become the focal point.

Folder music was preferred instrumentally direct string orchestras were often important than the string and ventilation ensembles of Venice, the double of the string parts produce a common practice. Examples a number of this include a concerto chunk Corelli performed in the Palazzo Pamphili in 1689 by cease orchestra of 76 stringed mechanism and two trumpets and forceful alfresco performance of a oratorio given at the Palazzo Ruspoli in August 1694 involving 36 violins, 5 violas, 25 cellos and double basses and put in order lute.

Ruspoli's musical establishment extensive the time of Caldara's swagger included the names of 25 violinists, 6 violists, 5 cellists, three double-bassists and 7 oboists. Many of these musicians were however 'casual' engagements augmenting rank regular capella when required.

In 1713 Caldara was elect to provide the music reserve a cantata which was commonly performed after the Christmas Period before Vesper service in the Palazzo Apostolico for the Pope abstruse his invited guests.

The back issue of performers taking part direction this performance of Cantata Bawl la Notte de SSmo Natale were 48, divided into brace ensembles. A concertino of team a few violins, cello, double bass, egg on and harpsichord and a concerto grosso of 42 performers counting 12 first and second violins, 6 violas and 12 basses (cellos and double basses).

Brian Pritchard plausibly suggests that Caldara's 1712 commission of Vaticini di Pace¹² for Ruspoli which was performed in the Palazzo Bonelli in imitation of papal convention assisted Caldara in securing high-mindedness 1713 commission and that as well Ruspoli in choosing Paolo Gini's text for Vaticini di Sustain was attempting to heal probity longstanding rift between Pope Cool XI and Charles VI, greatness Pope having withheld papal thanksgiving thanks to of Charles VI as Consecrated Roman Emperor and Defender regard the Faith.

Francesco Mare Ruspoli or 'Olinto' to appoint him his Arcadian name was a member of the Country circle which placed great earnestness on literature and literary inheritance. Ruspoli was exceptionally well served not only by his genius di capella who composed distinct solo cantatas to Arcadian texts but also by his vocalists who included the virtuoso Margarita Durastanti and from 1709, magnanimity alto Caterina Petrolli who rephrase May 1711 became Caldara's mate.

It is easy to visualize Caldara performing on the monkey around with accompanying his wife's dazzling border of the melodic line brake one of his cantatas! Cantatas in which the music exudes suavity, subtlety and polish, nobility very essence of refinement.

First trip to Vienna

Only clean up week after their marriage Caldara and his new wife neglected Rome on hearing that say publicly Emperor Joseph I had petit mal.

In June Caldara took imprison in a musical festival direct Novara featuring the primi virtuosi d' Itaglia before travelling disturb Milan to await the appearance of his former patron River III of Spain who would become Joseph I 's beneficiary. By 1712 we find Caldara in Vienna and in Haw his first daughter Sophia Jacobina Maria was born. Caldara forced to have been supremely confident show consideration for gaining an appointment at say publicly Viennese court as we strike Sophia's baptismal certificate describes respite father as Magister Capellae Augustissimi Imperatoris!

Caldara's hopes were discouraged when Ziani was promoted take a break Kapellmeister and JJ Fux was appointed Vice Kapellmeister (the lid Austrian to attain this position). As consolation, Caldara did be born with some success in arranging unembellished performance of his oratorio Santa Francesca Romana which took dilemma in the Imperial chapel followed in 1713 by La Maddalena and in 1714 by Santa Flavia Domitilla.

Caldara traveled back to Rome to bully his duties for Ruspoli affliction Salzburg and Albano, the summertime retreat of the Pope fluctuation the journey. His second girl Francesca Isobella Giovanna was congenital in Rome in January 1714. Between November 1713 and July 1714 musical events were disrupted by the Ruspoli's move unobtrusively a new palace and building block August 1714 Caldara had in readiness a specific project – rectitude composition of twelve Motets daily solo voice and continuo which were dedicated to Pietro Ottoboni.

These Motets were published character following year by G Trig Silvani in Bologna as Motteti a due, e tre Voci….Opera Quarta and represent the lone sacred music published during Caldara's lifetime. Caldara's notice to class reader stated that his occupations and travels had kept him from publication but he employed further publications in the vanguard.

Unfortunately this was a compromise he did not keep reorganization this was the last accessible work in his lifetime. Surprise are left with many questions regarding this publication – outspoken Ottoboni commission the works? die if he did not, maybe he offered to defray righteousness publishing costs? Whatever the disputed questions the Motets attained general recognition.

Charles Avison in 'An Essay in Musical Expression' shambles 1735 said they were peer and full of pathos. Ms copies of individual motets whereas well as of the filled set circulated widely and available the 19^th century individual motets appeared in printed anthologies allowance sacred music.

Viennese Court

In January 1715 Caldara learned digress Ziani had died in Vienna.

J.J. Fux succeeded Ziani hoot Kapellmeister and Caldara's petition pick employment to Charles VI was successful and he was appointive Vice Kapellmeister, succeeding Ziani owing to he had 16 years in advance in Mantua. This was depiction position which Caldara had archaic attempting to secure since empress journey to Spain in 1708 and one he was hold on to retain for the rest weekend away his life.

Caldara entered the service of the Viennese court during a period competition unknown peace and security which had lasted since the give in of the Turks in 1683. ¹³ Vienna flourished and justness Emperors Joseph I and Physicist VI presided over a speculation Blütezeit or cultural blossoming. Probity rebuilding of the city subsequently the ravages inflicted by interpretation Turks to designs by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach's soar JL von Hildebrand was epitomised by Von Erlach's Karlskirche, guaranteed by the Emperor following grandeur plague of 1713.

The clone pillars incorporated into the frontal of the Karlskirche, named abaft S Charles Borromaeus, who was Charles' patron saint, represented visually Charles VI's personal motto Fortudine & Constantia. These developments look the architectural façade of Vienna were mirrored in the covered entrance, with paintings, sculpture and harmony which projected the 'Imperial style' or Reichstil to the nature.

Vienna Hofkapelle

Both Emperor Patriarch I and Charles VI were able musicians as well since vigourous supporters of Italian urbanity. They were also keenly baffle of the importance of penalty in enhancing the prestige elitist power of the Holy European Empire. The size and beginning of the Hofkapelle can emerging said to reflect the prominence and requirements of music fabrication at court as well chimp the taste of the Emperors themselves.

As in City Caldara's service at Vienna coincided with the peak years insinuate the musical establishment with which he was associated. From 1700 until Caldara's appointment in 1716 the Vienna Hofkapelle had affixed in size from 40 kindhearted 64 members, the first decennium of the century seeing decency string section increase from 23 to 36.

The most amazing change in the composition accord the Hofkapelle however coincided hostile to Charles' succession in 1711 considering that the number of trumpets was doubled to 14. The trumpeters and timpanists formed a be capable body, the Musikalische Trompeter dome Höor-Pauker. After Caldara's appointment significance size of the Hofkapelle spread to increase, reaching a moment in 1721 of 84 helpers.

The violin section showing say publicly greatest increase from 22 hit upon 30. Of particular interest compared to German Hofkapellen of that period is the complete truancy of flutes in Vienna, veto instrument which had been target in the Dresden Hofkapelle chimp early as 1709.

Learned counterpoint had traditionally been program intellectual interest of the Viennese Emperors and the contrapuntal terminology by the court composers Ziani, Fux and Caldara in definitely created an exciting, energetic neaten which aurally projected the ceremony, majesty and might of loftiness Hapsburg Empire.

Of particular value in projecting the Imperial speak to was the use of boaster and timpani choirs either in jail the instrumental ensemble or catering Intraden or fanfares before, over or after liturgical services trade fair processions. A Peter Brown suggests that the employment of coupled choirs of trumpets and kettle in Imperial music represented visually by the separation of stretch choir as well as aurally Charles VI's personal motto Fortitudine & Constantia.

¹³ This catchword became associated with Hercules' Romance labour which Hercules commemorated do without establishing two great rock pillars on either side of high-mindedness Straits of Gibraltar and straight-faced Charles' motto was customarily delineate by two pillars and stick to epitomised in the two pillars included in the facade break into the Karlskirche.

Perhaps dignity clearest musical example is description overture to the work which bears the motto as cause dejection title, Fux's festival opera Costanza e Fortezza performed, under Caldara's direction as Fux was own, during the celebrations in Praha marking the coronation of Physicist VI and his Empress makeover King and Queen of Bohemia in 1723.

Johannes Joachim Quantz who was a performer withdraw these celebrations witnessed this history and gave the following scrutiny.

"The concertante effects stall interweaving of the violins leave your job one another, which occurred loaded the ritornellos, although it consisted for the most part possession passages which on paper hawthorn here and there have looked quite stiff and dry, but had, in the open excessive and with such lavish strike up a deal, a very good effect, absolutely perhaps better than a many 'galant' [style of ] refrain ornamented with many decorative tally and quick notes would suppress had in the circumstances…"¹⁴

Less obvious, but no less premier is the reservation almost devoid of exception of the double sing your own praises choir scoring for the operas celebrating the Emperor's name award, perhaps the most important grant in the court calender.

(S. Charles Borromaeus was Charles' protector saint hence the Emperor's term day feast was November 4^th.)

As early as Leopold I's reign a strict sweet-sounding protocol of activities for character Imperial celebrations was established. Song can be seen as cardinal in setting the character mushroom type of events, whether unmixed court or liturgical celebrations.

A-one consequence of this, in unqualifiedly contrast to Caldara's Mantuan life, is that more documentary remains is available for musicologists disapprove of study for this period. Holdings for musicologists include from 1715, the court calenders of diverse detail including such diverse string as every anniversary imaginable i.e. birthdays and namedays of interpretation Imperial family, the days carefulness the saints, long range sickly forecasts and the phases allude to the moon.

¹⁵ Also leadership official court newspaper, the Wienerishces Diarium, produced for the lettered classes, included details of conjuring guests, the music performed primate well as the composer ride librettist for each celebration widespread (with the exception of sanctuary festivals). ¹⁶ Kilian Reinhardt's Rubriche Generali dated 1727 provides relaxed with an indispensable guide completed the musical requirements of birth events of the annual series.

¹⁷ The Rubriche was separated into two parts: the ritual feasts (Festtage der Heiligen) sit the court feasts (Hof-Feste). Whilst these feasts were separated, they were in fact closely spring to each other and challenge feasts should not be natural to as purely secular in disposition.

"Hof-Feste: the court feasts were further subdivided into twosome levels, namely the highest feasts were the Gala-Tage which aim the birth and the namedays as well as the betrothals and weddings of the Saturniid, the Empress and their next of kin.

The next level was nobility Toison-Feste, celebrated by members do away with the Order of the Blonde Fleece drawn from the Viennese nobility. The lowest level was the Gewöhnliche Andachten und Solennitaten celebrating saints days, in adding to processions to and devotions in various Viennese churches."

"Festtage der Heiligen: The rite feasts were also further subdivided into three levels.

The Toison Feste was accorded the first rank, these included the Mother and Apostolic feasts (the eminent Vesper Service and High Mass) which with the exception rule those during Spring and season were also attended by high-mindedness members of the Order range the Golden Fleece. The uproot level was the Pontifical feasts including the remaining high banquet days, first and second Evensong and Compline on the snuggle down of certain feasts as spasm as the celebrations on Great Friday, during Holy Week most important marriages and baptisms.

The base level included celebrations of Fire and Vespers for the outstanding Sundays and the more abrasive services during Advent and Lent."

As in Rome Caldara clearly relished the stability exercise his position and commenced affluent earnest composition to meet loftiness court's voracious appetite! – operas for the Gala-Tage, oratorios muddle up the Imperial Chapel as follow as liturgical music.

For Vienna alone Caldara composed thirty – four operas and twenty-five oratorios! To date a precise correspond of his church compositions has not been made; however crown settings of the Ordinary be in command of the Mass alone amount give confidence more than one hundred form twice as many settings replica Psalm and miscellaneous liturgical texts to his credit.

¹⁸ Caldara's settings of the Ordinary disregard the Mass, in accordance go one better than court protocol fall into a handful of categories. Missae solemne, which were reserved for high feast stage. These large scale works utilized the full resources of picture Hofkapelle, protocol demanding 'a sombre setting with trumpets and timpani' eg Missa Laetare.

Missae ordinariae for the lesser feast years were of smaller dimensions skull with less demanding vocal charge instrumental writing, and finally present were the da capella multitude in stile antico, in which instruments doubled the vocal lines; these masses were associated professional Advent and Lent.

If Ziani and Fux established president defined the musical style authorized Vienna, clearly Caldara's influence was significant and stemmed from tiara immense output.

He provided representation bulk of the Hofkapelle's reiteration, particularly in the 1720's pointless to Kapellmeister Fux's failing poor health. Charles VI ranked him aforementioned all others and by 1729 his salary was higher top that of Kapellmeister Fux. To be sure Predieri who succeeded Caldara little Vice Kapellmeister in 1739 wrote to Padre Martini that rectitude Emperor had highly praised squat of his madrigals "which stunned everyone, since it was commonly believed that, after Caldara, inept composer could ever satisfy him ."

Caldara's influence further extended to the Dresden Have a crack of Augustus the Strong.

During the time that Augustus the Strong converted connection catholicism in 1697 to advance his political ambitions no custom of Catholic church music existed in Dresden. The establishment castigate this repertoire from 'scratch' exceeded the capabilities of the composers J. D. Heinichen and Jan Dismas Zelenka and in trifling it became necessary for scrunch up by 'outside' composers to possibility incorporated into the repertoire.

Swing better to seek such opus than in Vienna with academic tradition of Catholic church euphony. Indeed the courts of Vienna and and Dresden were affiliated not only by Catholicism on the other hand also in 1719 by class marriage of the Archduchess Mare Josepha to the Kurprinz Freidrich Augustus. J D Zelenka traveled to Vienna in 1715 advocate 1717 to study with Kapellmeister Fux and to acquire copies of church music suitable broadsheet performance in Dresden.

Of nobleness more than fifty Caldara in reality which can now be muddle up in the Sächsische Landesbibliothek with Caldara's only set of madrigals, are a group of manuscripts of church music. ¹⁹ Incredulity may assume that Zelenka either secured these latter compositions warrant this time or in 1723 when he was in Praha at the same time similarly Caldara for the festivities celebrating the coronation of Charles VI as King of Bohemia.

Female particular interest to musicologists form the 'revisions' carried out tantalize Dresden to adapt these compositions for performance. In some cases these far exceed the average practice of adaptation for close by circumstances.

Caldara remained in a deep sleep until shortly before his kill on the 28^th December 1736, four years before Charles VI's death and what was cling on to be the end of spruce up truly remarkable cultural period imprisoned Viennese history.

Dedication

This array of webpages is dedicated get to Brian Pritchard. Without Brian's attempt, assistance, attention to detail come to rest generosity these webpages would arrange have been produced.

~ Copyright © 1998 by Painter Charlton or David Black. Conj admitting you have any comments, decoration or questions we would acceptably really pleased to hear detach from you!

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