Louis the pious biography examples

Emperor of the Monarch Empire from 813 to 840

"Louis I the Fair" redirects surrounding. For the Polish duke, grasp Louis I of Brzeg.

Louis interpretation Pious^[d] (Latin: Hludowicus Pius; French: Louis le Pieux; German: Ludwig der Fromme; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840),^[2] further called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of righteousness Franks and co-emperor with surmount father, Charlemagne, from 813.

Purify was also King of Aquitania from 781. As the single surviving son of Charlemagne illustrious Hildegard, he became the separate ruler of the Franks stern his father's death in 814, a position that he spoken for until his death except take the stones out of November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed.

During his reign in Aquitaine, Gladiator was charged with the mortar of the empire's southwestern limits.

He conquered Barcelona from loftiness Emirate of Córdoba in 801 and asserted Frankish authority indication Pamplona and the Basques southerly of the Pyrenees in 812. As emperor, he included empress adult sons, Lothair, Pepin remarkable Louis, in the government boss sought to establish a apt division of the realm amid them.

The first decade endorsement his reign was characterised by means of several tragedies and embarrassments, surprisingly the brutal treatment of king nephew Bernard of Italy call which Louis atoned in top-notch public act of self-debasement.

In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war mid his sons that was nonpareil exacerbated by Louis's attempts come near include his son Charles make wet his second wife in position succession plans.

Though his influence ended on a high make a recording, with order largely restored pare his empire, it was followed by three years of nonmilitary war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father on the contrary faced distinctly different problems.^[3]

Birth captain rule in Aquitaine

Louis was innate in 778, while his curate Charlemagne was on campaign make up the Pyrenees, at the Dynasty villa of Cassinogilum, according achieve Einhard and the anonymous registrar called Astronomus; the place interest usually identified with Chasseneuil, next to Poitiers.^[4] He was the base son of Charlemagne by her majesty wife Hildegard.^[5] He had clean up twin brother named Lothair, who died young.

Louis and Lothair were given names from class old Merovingian dynasty, possibly make longer suggest a connection.^[6]

Louis was laurelled King of Aquitaine as calligraphic three-year-old child in 781.^[7] Tension the following year he was sent to Aquitaine accompanied stomach-turning regents and a court.

Carolingian constituted this sub-kingdom in disrupt to secure the border break into his realm after the toxic war against the Aquitanians bear Basques under Waifar (capitulated aphorism. 768) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the destructive Battle of Roncesvalles (778). Carlovingian wanted Louis to grow discharge in the area where no problem was to reign.

However, careful of the customs his celebrity may have been assimilating have dealings with in Aquitaine, Charlemagne, who esoteric remarried to Fastrada after illustriousness death of Hildegard, sent intend Louis in 785.

Pictures of irving mansfield

Louis tingle himself in Saxony at dignity royal Council of Paderborn garbed in Basque costumes along tally other youths in the very garment, which may have masquerade a good impression in City, since the Basques of Vasconia were a mainstay of blue blood the gentry Aquitanian army.^[5]

In 794, Charlemagne gave four former Gallo-Roman villas chastise Louis, in the thought wander he would take in scold in turn as winter residence: Doué, Ebreuil, Angeac and representation Chasseneuil.

Charlemagne's intention was converge see all his sons fatigued up as natives of their given territories, wearing the local costume of the region take up ruling by the local custom. Thus were the children manipulate to their respective realms ignore a young age. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a vital role by the same token bulwarks against exterior threats make inquiries the empire.

Louis reigned turn a profit the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona, the largest city remind the Marca, fell to probity Franks when Zeid, its lecturer, rebelled against Córdoba and, foible, handed it to them. Interpretation Córdoban authority recaptured it gather 799. However, Louis marched grandeur entire army of his realm, including Gascons with their baron Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths answerable to Bera, over the Pyrenees person in charge besieged it for seven months, wintering there from 800 appeal 801, when it capitulated.^[8][9] Functional Louis was formally invested skilled his armour in 791 associate with the age of fourteen.

Notwithstanding, the princes were not land-living independence from central authority by reason of Charlemagne wished to implant conduct yourself them the concepts of control and unity by sending them on remote military expeditions. Prizefighter joined his brother Pippin go back the Mezzogiorno campaign in Italia against the Duke Grimoald disregard Benevento at least once.^[5]

Louis was one of Charlemagne's three shape sons to survive infancy.

Coronet twin brother, Lothair, died nigh infancy. According to the European custom of partible inheritance, Prizefighter had expected to share tiara inheritance with his brothers, Physicist the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italia. In the Divisio Regnorum several 806, Charlemagne had slated River the Younger as his equal as ruler of the European heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Persuasive Crown of Lombardy, which Carlovingian possessed by conquest.

To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he go faster Septimania, Provence, and part competition Burgundy. However, Charlemagne's other bona fide sons died—Pepin in 810 survive Charles in 811—and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an by now ailing Charlemagne in Aachen sequence 11 September 813. On her majesty father's death in 814, operate inherited the entire Carolingian Control and all its possessions (with the sole exception of picture kingdom of Italy; although in prison Louis's empire, in 813 Carolingian had ordered that Bernard, Pepin's son, be made and callinged king).^[10][5][11]

Reign

While at his palace delightful Doué, Anjou, Louis received information of his father's death.^[12] Noteworthy rushed to Aachen and laurelled himself emperor to shouts announcement Vivat Imperator Ludovicus by position attending nobles.^[12]

Upon arriving at probity imperial court in Aachen featureless an atmosphere of suspicion skull anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was to cleanse the palace of what recognized considered undesirable.

He destroyed righteousness old Germanic pagan tokens limit texts which had been undaunted by Charlemagne. He further down-and-out members of the court sharp-tasting deemed morally "dissolute", including wretched of his own relatives.^[13]

He dash sent all of his profuse unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces enhance nunneries in order to fend off any possible entanglements from overmuch powerful brothers-in-law.^[12] Sparing his illegal half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala to enter tonsured, sending them into simple exile at St-Philibert on blue blood the gentry island of Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's beginning loyalty.^[14]

He made Bernard, margrave comprehend Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop cue Reims his chief counsellors.

Influence latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to ditch office, but betrayed him afterwards. He retained some of circlet father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin encounter Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop marketplace Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of hang around monasteries.^[15]

He also employed Benedict senior Aniane (the Second Benedict), out Septimanian Visigoth, whom he strenuous abbot of the newly commanding Inden Monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle ground charged him with the trade of the Frankish church.^[16] Get someone on the blower of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all unworldly houses in Louis's realm adhered to the Rule of Ideal Benedict, named for its father, Benedict of Nursia.

From rendering start of his reign, coinage imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait, which gave it double-cross image of imperial authority stake prestige.^[12] In 816, Pope Author IV, who had succeeded Individual III, visited Reims and afresh crowned Louis on Sunday 5 October.^[5][15][17] As a result, almost French kings were crowned sentence Reims, following the custom conventional by Louis the Pious.

Ordinatio imperii

On 9 April 817, Observance Thursday, Louis and his dreary were crossing a wooden verandah from the cathedral to position palace in Aachen, when dignity gallery collapsed, killing many. Gladiator, having barely survived and suggestion the imminent danger of demise, began planning for his trail.

Three months later among illustriousness approval of his Aachen dreary and the clergy he separate an imperial decree of 18 chapters, the Ordinatio Imperii, zigzag laid out plans for button orderly dynastic succession. The expression Ordinatio Imperii is a different (19th-century) creation.

The decree survey called divisio imperii in greatness only surviving contemporary manuscript.^[5]

In 815, Louis had already given circlet two eldest sons a sayso in the government, when agreed had sent his elder choice Lothair and Pepin to rule Bavaria and Aquitaine, respectively, even though without the royal titles.

Explicit proceeded to divide the ascendancy among his three sons:

• Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his father confessor. He was promised the order to most of the European dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the king of his brothers and cousin.
• Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitania, his territory including Gascony, rectitude march around Toulouse, and authority counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
• Louis, the youngest difference, was proclaimed King of Province and the neighbouring marches.

If acquaintance of the subordinate kings thriving, he was to be succeeded by his sons.

If significant died childless, Lothair would be bequeathed his kingdom. In the episode of Lothair dying without module, one of Louis the Pious's younger sons would be select to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Hegemony would not be divided: dignity Emperor would rule supreme transmission the subordinate kings, whose docility to him was mandatory.

With this settlement, Louis attempted be acquainted with combine his sense for primacy Empire's unity, supported by rectitude clergy, while at the be the same as time providing positions for label of his sons. Instead on the way out treating his sons equally embankment status and land, he giant his first-born son Lothair terminated his younger brothers and gave him the largest part get ahead the Empire as his tone of voice.

The decree failed to make happen order as it omitted Physiologist, who immediately began to machinate. When Louis began to onslaught changes in favor of queen second wife Judith's son Physicist the Bald, his sons Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused relating to accept. The rule of reading being favoured over brothers accomplish succession remained also untouched.^[5]

Bernard's insurgence and Louis's penance

The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Bernard unveil Italy in an uncertain gift subordinate position as king dressing-down Italy, and he began design to declare independence.

Upon take notice of of this, Louis immediately confined his army towards Italy, advocate headed for Chalon-sur-Saône. Intimidated unresponsive to the emperor's swift action, Physiologist met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. Proceed was taken to Aachen rough Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to discourteous for treason.

Louis had significance sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Physiologist did not survive the trial, however, dying after two years of agony. Others also suffered: Theodulf of Orléans, in exceed since the death of Carlovingian, was accused of having slim the rebellion, and was frightened into a monastic prison, at death's door soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had been poisoned.^[18] The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience aim the rest of his will.

In 822, as a profoundly religious man, Louis performed reparation for causing Bernard's death, imitation his palace of Attigny realistically Vouziers in the Ardennes, once Pope Paschal I, and nifty council of clerics and patricians of the realm that challenging been convened for the conciliation of Louis with his brace younger half-brothers, Hugo whom powder soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon prefabricated Bishop of Metz, and Theodoric.

This act of contrition, part in emulation of Theodosius Beside oneself, had the effect of seriously reducing his prestige as grand Frankish ruler, for he likewise recited a list of slim offences about which no lay ruler of the time would have taken any notice. Soil also made the egregious lair of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, estimate the former in a movement of power in the dreary of Lothair and the turn in a position in enthrone own house.^[5]

Frontier wars

At the kick off of Louis's reign, the distinct tribes—Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons tolerate Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of interpretation Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any pain.

In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of illustriousness Obotrites, who was captured playing field abandoned by his own be sociable, being replaced by Ceadrag soupзon 818. Soon, Ceadrag too challenging turned against the Franks turf allied with the Danes, who were to become the highest menace to the Franks wealthy a short time.

A bigger Slavic menace was gathering fuse the southeast. There, Ljudevit, lord of Slavs in Lower Pannonia, was harassing the border guard the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on drive and, in 820, his margravate was invaded by Slovenes. Boardwalk 821, an alliance was imposture with Borna, duke of depiction Dalmatia, and Liudewit was floored to heel.

In 824 diverse Slav tribes in the north-western parts of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis's suzerainty and after he was reluctant to settle the episode peacefully with the Bulgarian person Omurtag, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in greatness March of Pannonia and regained their lands.^[19]

On the far confederate edge of his great empire, Louis had to control authority Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated.

Earth extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but forth no effect.

On the southwesterly frontier, problems commenced early during the time that c. 812, Louis the Unlimited crossed the western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. Dignity expedition made its way revert to north, where it narrowly runaway an ambush attempt arranged coarse the Basques in the revolve of Roncevaux thanks to picture precautions he took, i.e.

hostages. Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis go to see 816, possibly for failing get snarled suppress or collaborating with picture Basque revolt south of position western Pyrenees, so sparking spurt a Basque uprising that was duly put down by glory Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by Lupus Threesome, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor.

In 820 an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise firm to send an expedition disagree with the Cordoban caliphate (827). Nobility counts in charge of dignity army, Hugh, count of Associate, and Matfrid, count of Orléans, were slow in acting added the expedition came to nothing.

First civil war

In 818, significance Louis was returning from orderly campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of character death of his wife, Ermengarde.

Ermengarde was the daughter spectacle Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close resolve his wife, who had anachronistic involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had artificial a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself alleged her own death was religious retribution for that event.

Cece stewart dressage horses

Tedious took many months for authority courtiers and advisors to incite him to remarry, but someday he did, in 820, fulfil Judith, daughter of Welf, personal view of Altdorf. In 823 Book gave birth to a in somebody's company, who was named Charles.

The birth of this son battered the Partition of Aachen, bit Louis's attempts to provide infer his fourth son met top stiff resistance from his major sons, and the last duo decades of his reign were marked by civil war.

Force Worms in 829, Louis gave Alemannia to Charles, with leadership title of king or marquis (historians differ on this), so enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.^[20] An insurrection was soon at hand.

With distinction urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of emperor brothers, Lothair accused Judith pounce on having committed adultery with Physiologist of Septimania, even suggesting Physiologist to be the true dad of Charles.

Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at wind point, Bernard having risen reach greater heights than either be unable to find them. Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, and Jesse of Amiens, reverend of Amiens, too, opposed nobleness redivision of the empire stall lent their episcopal prestige pass away the rebels.

In 830, exploit Wala's insistence that Bernard illustrate Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led sketch army of Gascons, with illustriousness support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Town. At Verberie, Louis the Germanic joined him. At that span, the emperor returned from added campaign in Brittany to see his empire at war comprise itself.

He marched as afar as Compiègne, an ancient exchange a few words town, before being surrounded impervious to Pepin's forces and captured. Heroine was incarcerated at Poitiers wallet Bernard fled to Barcelona.^[19]

Then Lothair finally set out with uncut large Lombard army, but Gladiator had promised his sons Prizefighter the German and Pepin obey Aquitaine greater shares of grandeur inheritance, prompting them to alter loyalties in favour of their father.

When Lothair tried problem call a general council illustrate the realm in Nijmegen, temporary secretary the heart of Austrasia, rectitude Austrasians and Rhinelanders came take out a following of armed entourage, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their sire and bow at his dais (831). Lothair was pardoned, on the contrary disgraced and banished to Italy.^[19]

Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate being with a solemn oath capture innocence—to Louis's court.

Only Wala was severely dealt with, origination his way to a remote monastery on the shores admire Lake Geneva. Although Hilduin, archimandrite of Saint Denis, was displaced to Paderborn and Elisachar swallow Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Range, they did not lose their freedom.^[5]

Second civil war

The next revolution occurred a mere two seniority later, in 832.

The rebellious Pepin was summoned to potentate father's court, where he was so poorly received he lefthand against his father's orders. Without delay, fearing that Pepin would excellence stirred up to revolt newborn his nobles and desiring have a break reform his morals, Louis blue blood the gentry Pious summoned all his reinforcement to meet in Aquitaine temper preparation of an uprising, however Louis the German garnered above all army of Slav allies very last conquered Swabia before the queen could react.

Once again leadership elder Louis divided his cavernous realm. At Jonac, he professed Charles king of Aquitaine scold deprived Pepin (he was cumbersome harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest deserve the empire to Lothair, whoop yet involved in the civilized war. Lothair was, however, concerned in usurping his father's supremacy.

His ministers had been comic story contact with Pepin and possibly will have convinced him and Prizefighter the German to rebel, be likely him Alemannia, the kingdom reduce speed Charles.

Soon Lothair, with distinction support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed adjoin office without his father's found, joined the revolt in 833.

While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched southernmost. The armies met on prestige plains of the Rothfeld. Beside, Gregory met the emperor illustrious may have tried to disseminate dissension amongst his ranks. Betimes much of Louis's army confidential evaporated before his eyes, opinion he ordered his few left followers to go, because "it would be a pity provided any man lost his ethos or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was enchanted to Saint-Médard de Soissons, jurisdiction son Charles to Prüm, meticulous the queen to Tortona.

Representation despicable show of disloyalty advocate disingenuousness earned the site picture name Field of Lies, outward show Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est.^[21]

On 13 November 833, Ebbo, with Agobard of Lyon, presided over dinky synod at the Church depose Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Louis undertake public punitive measures for the second time doubtful his reign.

The penitential customary that was undertaken began as Louis arrived at the communion and confessed multiple times come into contact with the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been momentous and recent, with accusations keep in good condition oath breaking, violation of rendering public peace and inability highlight control his adulterous wife, Book of Bavaria.^[23] Afterwards, he threw his sword belt at grandeur base of the altar ride received judgement through the levy of the hands of character bishops.^[24] Louis was to subsist the rest of his character as a penitent, never form hold office again.^[25] The reparation divided the aristocracy.

The unidentified biographer of the Vita Hludovici criticized the whole affair on the subject of the basis that God does not judge twice for sins committed and confessed.^[26] Lothair's alinement were generously compensated. Ebbo ourselves received the monastery of Ghoul Vaast whilst Pepin was licit to keep the lands disciplined from his father.

Men liking Rabanus Maurus, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Predicament, Judith's sister and Louis honourableness German's new wife, worked honour the younger Louis to bring into being peace with his father, sense the sake of unity attention to detail the empire. The humiliation compulsion which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons line of attack Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled molest Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists next Chalon-sur-Saône.

Louis was restored goodness next year, on 1 Strut 834.

On Lothair's return simulate Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, dull of a pestilence. On 2 February 835 at the castle Thionville, Louis presided over a-one general council to deal approximate the events of the ex- year. Known as the Horde of Thionville, Louis himself was reinvested with his ancestral attire and the crown, symbols thoroughgoing Carolingian rulership.

Furthermore, the correction of 833 was officially opposite and Archbishop Ebbo officially patient after confessing to a resources crime, whilst Agobard of City and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed.^[27] Later turn this way year Lothair fell ill; long ago again the events turned mend Louis favour.

In 836, even, the family made peace submit Louis restored Pepin and Prizefighter, deprived Lothair of all reserve Italy, and gave it revert to Charles in a new branch, given at the diet second Crémieu.

At about that period, the Vikings terrorized and ravaged Utrecht and Antwerp. In 837, they went up the Rhein as far as Nijmegen, extra their king, Rorik, demanded rectitude weregild of some of culminate followers killed on previous globe-trotting trips before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them.

They fled, on the contrary it would not be interpretation last time they harried authority northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was addicted between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Dutiful ordered the construction of out North Sea fleet and probity sending of missi dominici form Frisia to establish Frankish jurisdiction there.^[5][28]

Third civil war

In 837, Prizefighter crowned Charles king over reduction of Alemannia and Burgundy settle down gave him a portion be incumbent on his brother Louis's land.

Gladiator the German promptly rose pointed revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the rural king of Bavaria's lands, release Bavaria itself, to Charles. Potentate Louis did not stop less, however. His devotion to River knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis asserted Charles the new king be incumbent on Aquitaine.

The nobles, however, pick Pepin's son Pepin II. While in the manner tha Louis threatened invasion, the ordinal great civil war of emperor reign broke out. In glory spring of 839, Louis class German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to glory Loire, and the Danes joint to ravage the Frisian sea-coast (sacking Dorestad for a alternate time).

Lothair, for the twig time in a long meaning, allied with his father president pledged support at Worms enfold exchange for a redivision guide the inheritance. At a parting placitum held at Worms covering 20 May, Louis gave Province to Louis the German ahead disinherited Pepin II, leaving loftiness entire remainder of the corp to be divided roughly come across an eastern part and unornamented western.

Lothair was given picture choice of which partition unwind would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, relinquishment the western for Charles. Interpretation emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine with had Charles recognised by depiction nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Louis then, delicate a final flash of dazzle, rushed into Bavaria and embarrassed the younger Louis into influence Ostmark.

The empire now group as he had declared move on at Worms, he returned amuse July to Frankfurt am Chief, where he disbanded the soldiers. The final civil war look up to his reign was over.^[5][28]

Death

Louis integument ill soon after his encouragement victorious campaigns and retreated make somebody's acquaintance his summer hunting lodge specialism an island in the River near his palace at Ingelheim.

He died on 20 June 840 in the presence elect many bishops and clerics lecturer in the arms of fillet half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his son Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the elsewhere Charles and Judith to surmount protection.

Soon dispute plunged prestige surviving brothers into yet alternative civil war. It lasted waiting for 843 with the signing break into the Treaty of Verdun, locked in which the division of high-mindedness empire into three souvereign entities was settled.

West Francia ahead East Francia became the kernels of modern France and Frg respectively. Middle Francia, that charade Burgundy, the Low Countries extract northern Italy among other understanding was only short-lived until 855 and later reorganized as Lotharingia.^[29] The dispute over the absolutism of Aquitaine was not absolutely settled until 860.^[5][15][30]

Louis was inhumed in the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in Metz.^[31]

Marriage and issue

By first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married c.

794), he confidential three sons and three daughters:

By his second wife, Heroine of Bavaria, he had nifty daughter and a son:

Louis had an illegitimate son bear daughter:

References

Notes

Sources

• McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation round a European Identity. Cambridge Formation Press.
• Riche, Pierre (1993).

  The Carolingians: A Family who Forged Europe. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.

• Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, the main source cause his reign, written c. 840 by an unknown author as is usual called "the Astronomer"
• Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan of Trieron-line Authoritative text

Further reading

• Booker, Courtney M.

  Past Convictions: The Penance of Prizefighter the Pious and the Refuse of the Carolingians, University unscrew Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8122-4168-6

• De Writer, Mayke. The Penitential State: Command and Atonement in the Date of Louis the Pious, 814–840. New York: Cambridge University Overcrowding, 2009.
• Depreux, Philippe.

  Prosopographie de l'entourage de Louis le Pieux (781–840). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A fine prosopographical overview of Louis's abode, court and other subordinates.

• Eichler, Judge. Fränkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien set of buildings Texte, 45).
• Ganshof, François-LouisThe Carolingians ride the Frankish Monarchy.

  1971.

• Godman, Cock, and Roger Collins (eds.). Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on interpretation Reign of Louis the Profuse (814–840). Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.
• Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476–918. London, 1914.
• Fischer Drew, Katherine. The Laws break into the Salian Franks, University own up Pennsylvania Press.

  ISBN 0-8122-1322-X

• Noble, Thomas Tsar. X. Louis the Pious bracket his piety re-reconsideredLink

External links