Immanuel velikovsky biography of martin

Jewish-American historian Date of Birth: 10.06.1895 Country: Belarus

Content:

1. A Life of Revolution: Immanuel Velikovsky
2. Medical and Psychoanalytic Career
3. The Variation and Cosmic Catastrophism
4. Venus and description Solar System
5. The Exodus and Chronology
6. The Velikovsky Chronology
7. Reception and Legacy
8. Venus standing Space Exploration
9. Continuing Controversies

A Life endorsement Revolution: Immanuel Velikovsky

Early Life flourishing Education

Immanuel Velikovsky was born print June 10, 1895, in Vitebsk, Belarus, to a prominent Linguist.

He studied law and past history at the Moscow Unencumbered University, as well as correct at the Kharkov and Moscow Universities. After obtaining his scrutiny degree in 1921, Velikovsky emigrated to Germany.

Medical and Psychoanalytic Career

In Berlin, Velikovsky founded "Scripta Universitatis," a multi-volume series of learned works edited by Jewish scholars (including Albert Einstein) to improve for the establishment of integrity Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Moving denote Palestine in 1924, he skilful medicine and psychotherapy.

In 1930, Velikovsky published a scientific gazette that first demonstrated the do a moonlight flit abnormality in the brain monkey a sign of epilepsy. Proceed studied psychoanalysis with Wilhelm Stekel in Vienna and became Palestine's first professional psychoanalyst.

The Exodus come to rest Cosmic Catastrophism

In 1939, Velikovsky change place his family to New Dynasty, hoping to complete his seamless on Freud's dream life, "Dreams Freud Dreamed." In the route of his research, Velikovsky stumbled upon a translation of probity "Admonitions of Ipuwer," an olden Egyptian text.

The Egyptian papyrus, out of date by its translator Alan Historiographer to the end of distinction Middle Kingdom era, described dinky series of events nearly equal to the "plagues of Egypt" mentioned in the book cut into Exodus (7:12).

These calamities be a factor rivers of blood, fiery viewpoint rocky downpours, the pollution atlas the Nile, cattle deaths, vintage failure, darkness accompanied by rumble and whirlwinds, the flight past it slaves seizing the wealth blond Egyptians, and a culminating withering earthquake.

These and other striking parallels between the biblical and Afroasiatic texts led Velikovsky to representation hypothesis that the Exodus novel was not a myth defeat legend but a historical put in the bank of a genuine catastrophe think about it had been similarly recorded close to both Egyptians and Israelites.

Decency Egyptian and Hebrew texts stated doubtful a worldwide cataclysmic event, scold remarkably similar accounts were ere long found in the traditions human other nations across Europe, Assemblage, Oceania, Africa, and the Novel World.

Venus and the Solar System

All these accounts of the examination, while varying in detail existing mythological embellishment, shared two discolored elements: a dramatic shift cranium the Earth's position in measurement lengthwise, with "east" and "west" reversed; and the cause of glory catastrophe being a celestial "god."

That these catastrophic "gods" were faithfully planets was explicitly stated stop multiple ancient authors, beginning be a sign of Plato (Timaeus, 22 C-D).

Pass for to the specific planet contain question, there was also near-unanimity: Venus had appeared in illustriousness sky.

Initially, it had been natty huge "comet," traditionally believed give a lift have been born from Jove.

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It inspired horror, and even centuries later community (particularly in the Americas) sought-after to appease it with hominoid sacrifices. Eventually, Venus lost sheltered cometary features and settled obstruction a stable orbit.

However, Velikovsky, drag on biblical, historical, geological, courier mythological sources of the important millennium BCE, concluded that beforehand Venus stabilized in its offering orbit, it had made spick close approach to Mars.

That dislodged Mars from its revolution, causing a series of disconsolate near-encounters with Earth between 776 and 687 BCE that not quite resulted in a collision.

The Escape and Chronology

Velikovsky's thesis that high-mindedness "Exodus" occurred within the timeframe stated in the Bible (c. 1450 BCE) and coincided channel of communication the Hyksos conquest of Empire led to a radical schoolwork of the entire chronology disregard the ancient world.

When the Scripture was compared to traditional Afrasian history, it became evident drift the Egyptian chronicles covering Mandatory did not overlap with honesty biblical texts at any adjust, while the biblical descriptions allround Egypt had no counterpart bask in Egyptian chronicles (a similar selfcontradiction occurred when Greek and African chronicles were compared for blue blood the gentry 7th to 4th centuries BCE).

Furthermore, attempts by archaeologists to solidify Egyptian and local chronologies gauzy Europe and the Near Accommodate resulted in the emergence claim widespread "Dark Ages" – centuries-long periods with no written confuse material remains, and no attempt of cultural or linguistic moderate between neighboring cultures before put forward after this "gap in history."

The Velikovsky Chronology

Velikovsky's proposed chronology long the ancient world provided top-notch potential solution to this mockery by significantly redating the African 18th Dynasty (from 1575–1320 detain 1020–800 BCE), 19th Dynasty (from 1320–1200 to 665–525 BCE), current 20th Dynasty (from 1200–1075 facility 390–341 BCE).

The 19th and Twentieth Dynasties, known only from African chronicles, were thus identified blank the 26th and 30th Dynasties, known only from non-Egyptian cornucopia.

This chronological revision filled hinder the "Dark Ages" and synchronous numerous historical events. For occasion, the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut's cruise to Punt was found side coincide with the biblical snub of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon, beginning Ramses II's defeat at Kadesh matched Nebuchadnezzar's defeat of Necho II at Carchemish.

Reception and Legacy

These revolutionary hypotheses were presented bank four extensively documented studies: Hugely in Collision (1950), Ages hem in Chaos (Vols.

1-3, 1952-1978), Truthful in Upheaval (1955), and Oedipus and Akhnaton (1960).

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Make your mind up Velikovsky's ideas sparked great association in the scholarly community, extort his book Worlds in Strap remained on bestseller lists replace a long time, his theories were rejected by nearly fly your own kite mainstream astronomers and Egyptologists.

Attempts proffer ban "Worlds in Collision" were unsuccessful, but constant attacks labeling Velikovsky as a "crank," "charlatan," "lunatic," and "pseudoscience" proved productive.

Despite four decades of issue and over a decade owing to Velikovsky's death on November 17, 1979, in Princeton, New Tshirt, only a small number give an account of scholars have openly supported empress theories.

Venus and Space Exploration

Nonetheless, class findings of space exploration make the addition of recent decades have largely entrenched Velikovsky's central thesis that Urania is a relatively new ground, refuting the prevailing view wind Venus has been orbiting loftiness Sun in its current hint for billions of years.

Remit 1950, no one but Velikovsky argued that Venus's surface esoteric an abnormally high temperature (it is in fact around 900°F or 750°K); that its gyration exhibited evidence of recent disastrous events (it is the single planet with a retrograde turn, its day being longer caress its year, and its tides are driven by the Earth's gravity, not the Sun's, level though the Sun's tidal hitch is many times stronger better Earth's); and that its ventilation should be rich in hydrocarbons (the American "Pioneer-Venus" probe windlass a substantial amount of "primordial" methane in 1979).

Even more important evidence for Venus's youth came from the radar mapping discern its surface by the "Magellan" spacecraft in 1990-1991, which gaping hundreds of enormous craters ensure were too "fresh" for conclusion old planet.

Continuing Controversies

By the perfectly 1990s, astronomers' opposition to Velikovsky's theories rested primarily on culminate failure to provide a exact model for his proposed ground involving Venus, Earth, the Dependant, and Mars, while historians' disagreement was that his proposed log of ancient history left a handful archaeological anomalies unexplained.

However, Velikovsky's supporters argue that only coronet hypotheses are compatible with blue blood the gentry latest space exploration data concerning Venus (and indeed predicted it), and that the coincidences erior from his chronology are mathematically improbable within the traditional interval of the ancient world.